Individual / Abnormal

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Internal rotters locus of control
You make things happen
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External rotters locus of control
Things happen to you
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Personality
A dynamic organisation inside the person, or psychological systems that create the persons characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings
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Nomothetic
Looks for general laws that can be applied to many people
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Idiographic
Looks for unique aspects of individuals
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Nature vs Nurture
Determined by genetics rather than environment/ experience
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Active vs Reactive
Do we take the intitiative or react to outside stimuli
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Changeable vs Consistent
Can we change our personalities or do they remain the same?
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Free will vs determinism
Do we have control over our own behaviour or is it determined by unconcious, environmental or biological influences?
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Biological perspective of behaviour
Basic human motivation- sex and aggression. Closely follows Darwin’s theory. Humans manifestations of life and death instincts.
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Repression
When external forces conflict with basic biologically driven motivations this poses a problem. Their response is to exclude the desire from consciousness and hold it in the unconcious
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Tripartite theory
ID, Ego and Superego
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Unconcious motivation
Individuals control their sexual and aggressive urges by placing them in the unconcious. These take on a. Life of their own and become the motivated unconcious.
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Oedipus complex
A boys feelings and sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Castration anxiety
Unconcious fear of penile loss. Male sees female genitalia and presumes their penis has been removed and becomes anxious his father will cut off as punishment for desiring his mother.
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Identification
The process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos.
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Fixation
A lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved
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Ian pavlov
Classical conditioning of dog to salivate when it hears bell- associates the noise to getting food.
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John B Watson
“I’ll guarantee to take any infant at random and train him to become any type of specialist...regardless of his talents, race, etc”
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B F Skinner
Extends Watson’s philosophy to include a role for inner states such as thoughts and feelings, but rejects personality as a cause for human behaviour
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Walden two
At age 3 child is given a lollipop to wear around the neck: licks detected. Can eat whole lollipop later if not licked during the day.
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Operant conditioning
Operate via positive and negative reinforcement
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Random partial reinforcement
Takes longer to instantiate but more resistant to extinction
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Shaping - positive reinforcement
Reward for partial behaviour that go in direction of wanted behaviour
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Trait Theories
Traits are habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion. Thus they are relatively stable over time
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The four humors
Yellow bile (fire) blood (air) phlegm (water) and black bile (earth)
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William Sheldon
Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph
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Jung
Extroversion-introversion. Intuition-sensing. Thinking-feeling. Judgement-perception.
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Myers Briggs
16 type personality test
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Factor analysis
A statistical way of finding order in a correlation matrix. It can simultaneously manage hundreds of variables.
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Hans Eysenck
Focused on pathological and normal populations. Many traits are based and shaped by evolutionary forces. Extroverts, neuroticism and Psychoticism.
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Reticular Activating System
Extroverts have a low cortical arousal (understimulated). Introverts have high cortical arousal (over stimulated)
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The Big Five
Trait words in English. Neuroticism, openness, consciousness, Extraversion and agreeableness.
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Binet
Believed intelligence is a collection of faculties “judgement, initiative”. Came up with test to distinguish normal from inferior children, came up with IQ. Age and general mental ability.
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Dearborn
Believed intelligence is capacity to learn
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Terman
Believed intelligence is capacity for abstract thinking
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Wechsler tests
Rejected idea that there is an ideal mental age. He divided intelligence into two main area: verbal and performance areas
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Verbal comprehension
Measure of general verbal skills. Based on formal and informal educational opportunities.
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Perceptual organisation
It assesses ability to examine a problem upon visual motor and visual spatial skills, organise thoughts, create solutions and then test them.
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Working memory
The ability to memorise new information, hold it in short term memory, concentrate, and manipulate that info to produce some result fo reasoning processes.
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Louis Thurstone
Theory that there is a general factor of mental ability. Instead of a single general ability he focused on seven different “primary mental abilities”. Verbal meaning, perceptual speed, reasoning, number, rote memory, spatial visualisation.
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Fluid Intelligence
Ones inborn abilities largely determined by Genetics and biology e.g. numbers/letters
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Crystalised
Acquired skills and knowledge e.g. vocabulary, information
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Howard Gardner
Linguistic, logical maths, visual, musical, bodily, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist and existential.
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Test re-test Reliability
Administer test on two separate occasions, compute the correlation between the two measures.
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Internal consistency reliability
Within a test, people should respond ina. Consistent way to all of the questions
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Inter Rater Reliability
If you have two observers watching the same behaviour, their scores should agree with each other.
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Content Validity
The extent to which a test samples the behaviour that is of interest
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Criterion validity
How well does a test predict other variables
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Concurrent validity
Does a test correlate with a measure that has previously been validated
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Construct validity
Can we demonstrate an association between test scores and predictions of a theoretical trait.
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Emotional intelligence
The ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying situations.
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Reuven Bar-On
Studied factors that related to success in life. Components resemble personality factors. Intrapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management and mood. He says that EI develops over time and can be improved.
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Mayer and Salovey
They view emotions as information that helps to make sense of the social environment. Perceiving emotions, using emotions, managing emotions and understanding emotions.
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MSCEIT
Mayer, salavey, Caruso, emotional intelligence test. Identify emotions, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion and managing emotions.
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Behavioural Genetics
Psychologists are interested in how our biology influences our behaviour. We can estimate the hereditarily of psychological abilities and traits.
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Eugenics
The study and practise of selecting breeding with the aim of improving the human species. Since the post war period eugenics has been associated with nazi abuses, such as extermination of undisputed population.
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Sterilization
2341 occurred in Oregon 1921-1983. Drawn from mental hospitals and prisons, seen as feeble minded.
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Social darwinism
Used to justify social policies with support themselves- ‘survival of the fittest’
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Race IQ
Jenson. Study showed IQ was at least 70% inherited and 30% environmental
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Eleven Plus Tests
Arithmetic test, essay writing question on general subject and general problem solving- ability to apply logic to simple problems.
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Psychoanalytic
Unconcious motivations
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Trait
Specific dimensions of personality
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Humanistic
Inner capacity for growth
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Social cognitive
Influence of environment
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Ethological
Born with innate behavioural tendencies to promote attachment between infant and caregiver. This allows survival or species during evolution.
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Bowlby
During human evolution babies who stayed close to their mothers survived. He hypothesised that both infants and mothers have evolved the need to stay in contact.
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Humanism
Was born out of rebellion against behaviourist and psychodynamic psychology. Behaviourist and Psychodynamic.
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Maslows theory
Self actualisation, esteem needs, love needs, safety needs and physiological needs. (Triangle)
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Carol Rogers- fully functioning person
5 features- open to experience, existential living, trust feelings, creativity and fulfilled life.
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BD1
Alternating depression and mania, lasting weeks or months typically
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BDII
Depression predominates. Can experience hypomania (increase in activity but not mania)
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Cyclothymic
Has both high and low mood, but never as severe as major depression or mania.
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Monamine theory
Depression is caused by a functional deficit of monamine transmitters and studies have sown a correlation between such deficiencies and depressive symptoms
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Diathesis stress model
Inherited predisposition to develop disorder + prenatal trauma, sexual/physical abuse, family conflict and life changes= psychotic disorder
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Cognitive distortions
3 thoughts that influence our mood
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Dichotomous distortion
If it can’t be perfect there’s no point trying
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Selective abstations distortion
Remembering only the negatives
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Arbiturary inference distortion
Jumping to negative conclusions
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Comer’s 4Ds
Deviance, distress, dysfunction and danger
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Biology of OCD
They have increased glucose metabolism in frontal brain regions - orbitofrontal cortex.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Things happen to you

Back

External rotters locus of control

Card 3

Front

A dynamic organisation inside the person, or psychological systems that create the persons characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Looks for general laws that can be applied to many people

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Looks for unique aspects of individuals

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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