Immunology

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what are antigens?
molecules that generate an immune response
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what is a pathogen?
an organism that causes disease
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what type of antigens generate an immune response?
foreign
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what is a pathogen enclosed in when it enters a phagocyte?
a phagocytic vacuole
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what does a lysozyme release during phagocytosis
digestive enzymes
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what is the function of a cytotoxic T cell?
kills abnormal and foreign cells
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what is the function of a helper T cell
activate and stimulate phagocytes and cytotoxic T cells
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what are monoclonal antibodies?
cells that are identical to B cells and secrete large amounts of antibodies specific to an antigen
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an antibody has two binding sites, true or false?
true
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the specificity of an antibody depends on its....
variable region
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what bond forms between the heavy chains in an antigen?
Disulfide Bridges
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why do antibodies coat pathogens?
to make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them
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when does the secondary response occur
when the same pathogen infects the body
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what do memory t cells do
remember a specific antigen and recognise it the second time round
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what do memory B cells do?
record the specific antibodies needed to bind to the specific antigen
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what do the cells in the cell mediated response differentiate into?
Killer t cells, memory cells, suppresor t cells, helper t cells
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what types of cells are produced from the humoral response?
Plasma cells, Memory cells
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what line of defence are T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes?
Third
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how is HIV spread?
bodily fluids
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why are antibiotics ineefective against viruses?
they are not living
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what type of cell does HIV infect?
Helper T cells
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what is the second line of defence
inflammation
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what weaknesses are there in the second line of defence?
cannot remember past infections
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when does full blown AIDS occur?
when b cells are not activated and antibodies aren't produced
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what are the disease which are caused from AIDS called?
opportunistic diseases
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what are ELISA tests used for?
diagnosing prostate cancer
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what is passive immunity?`
when a person is given antibodies
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what is active immunity
when the immune system responds to an antigen by producing antibodies specific to the antigen
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is a pathogen?

Back

an organism that causes disease

Card 3

Front

what type of antigens generate an immune response?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is a pathogen enclosed in when it enters a phagocyte?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what does a lysozyme release during phagocytosis

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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