Identity Sociologists

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Nayak
Developed the term white wannabes: white British males who dress, act and speak influenced by black hip hop culture e.g. Ali G.
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Ghumann
Religion and family values play a big part in British Asian identities. Asian children are socialised into an extended family - with emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.
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Gilroy
Developed the term the black Atlantic: the identity of shared experiences of racism and history creating a “black” identity.
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James
A shared experience of racism united Africans and Caribbeans.
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Alexander
Developed the term black style: there is an art to being black based on black culture.
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Hewitt
Developed the term white backlash against multiculturalism: the policies created to tackle racial inequality are deemed unfair to the white working class community.
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Spencer et al.
Eastern Europeans spent little time socialising with the white British as they felt they do not “let you into their circles”.
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Cashmore and Troyna
Developed the term cultural comfort zone: there is a tendency for ethnic minorities to turn inwards and seek support from their own cultures.
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Jacobson
Young Pakistanis adopt an Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion.
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Taylor
Developed the term pick and mix identity: we can choose aspects of our identity like we are in shopping centre.
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Back
Developed the term cultural borrowing: interracial interaction leads to experimenting music, dress, and language, e.g. young Asians listen to more hip hop than pop.
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Johal and Bains
Developed the term code switching: ethnic minorities will change their identity depending on who they’re with e.g. may act more “white when around white people”.
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Johal
Developed the term white mask: when ethnic minorities inherit their ethnic identity but adopts a white one.
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Anderson
Argued that a nation is an ‘imagined community’ and is socially constructed through symbols e.g. the flag, anthem, national holidays and leads to a national language.
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Kuman
Due to imperialism, colonialism and migration, “Britishness” has been diluted.
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Sadar
Argued there is a global identity crisis because lack of divides e.g. no more East vs. West, and Communism vs. Capitalism.
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Hall
Countries display three different reactions to globalisation: Cultural homogenisation, cultural hybridity and cultural resistant.
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Murray
Developed the term the underclass: those who are unemployed and dependent on social welfare.
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Pakulski and Waters
The shift from production to consumption meant we are now defined by what we buy not what we do.
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Mackintosh and Mooney
The upper class operate social closure.
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Fox
Discusses ‘upper-middles’, ‘middle-middles’, ‘lower-middles’ to express how there are different parts of the middle class.
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Hutton
Argued that the decline in trade union membership and the dispersal of working-class communities, has eroded working-class identity.
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Skeggs
Found that the “working class” appearance is very important for the working class females identity and they don’t want to identify with it.
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Marshall et al.
Found that 75% of people thought that social class is something one is born into and it is difficult to change.
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Weeks
Points out that not many would say they were heterosexual, in relation to their identity, but to say ‘I am gay/lesbian’ makes a statement about belonging and your relationship codes.
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Plummer
Developed the term homosexual career: a gay man will adopt homosexual norms and try to fit in with the subculture.
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Rich
Women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in institutions e.g. marriage.
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Wilson
Reproduction requires men to spread the seed and women to be faithful to their man.
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Parsons
Developed the term sex role theory: Instrumental role - men are the breadwinners. Expressive role - women are the caregivers.
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Hey
The norms of teenage girl’s friendships are rooted in patriarchy.
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Mac an Ghail
Men and boys value the 3 F’s - fighting ******* and football.
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Connell
Developed the term for types of men: The hegemonic male - macho and aggressive. The subordinate male - ‘gay’ male. The marginalised male - males who are unemployed.
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Canaan
Employed men value drinking, fighting and sex. Unemployed men value having a job.
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Denscombe
Looked at the increase in female risk taking e.g. smoking because women want to be seen as anything other than the typical woman.
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Shakespeare
Disabled people develop a “victim mentality” due to being socialised with their disability.
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Zola
Argued that disabled people get into a state of “learned helplessness” where they’ve conditioned themselves to believe they can’t get out of their situation.
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Murugami
Argues that disabled people have the ability to create an identity that accepts their impairment but is also separate to it.
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Postman
Childhood is disappearing with the media as children are exposed to more adult life whereas before parents would hide certain ‘adult’ aspects.
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Aries
Childhood is a new invention as 100 years ago children would be in labour work.
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Bradley
The middle age has the highest status in society.
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Hockey and James
Older people are treated like children by their families and become dependent on their families for care and support.
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Featherstone and Hepworth
Developed the term the mask of the old: where old people are expected to conform to stereotypes but increasingly some elderly people choose to take part in active leisure activities e.g. exotic holidays.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Religion and family values play a big part in British Asian identities. Asian children are socialised into an extended family - with emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.

Back

Ghumann

Card 3

Front

Developed the term the black Atlantic: the identity of shared experiences of racism and history creating a “black” identity.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A shared experience of racism united Africans and Caribbeans.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Developed the term black style: there is an art to being black based on black culture.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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