IB standard biology: cells (cell adaptations/cell structure)

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How are exocrine gland cells adapted for maximum rate of protein synthesis?
Many mitochondria (to release ATP), Highly developed RER (for protein synthesis), Highly developed Golgi and vesicles (to modify/transport proteins through secretory pathway)
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How are red blood cells adapted for exchange?
Disc-like shape (large SA), No nucleus/full of haemoglobin (can transport more Oxygen)
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How are palisade plant cells adapted for photosynthesis?
Large Vacuole (large SA/pushes chloroplasts to edge of cell), many mobile chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis), cylindrical arrangement (reduces light absorbing cross walls), thin cell walls (short diffusion distance)
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What are the organelles in a Prokaryote?
Nucleiod (DNA ring), plasmid(circular DNA), cell wall(stability), flagella(have motor proteins=movement), 70S ribosomes(protein synthesis), sex pili (bacterial conjugation), attachment pili(stick to surfaces), slime capsule, p.membrane, cytoplasm
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What is the Slime capsule?
thick polysaccharide layer - prevents phagocytosis (being engulfed by phagocytes) and desiccation (drying out)
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What is the cell wall?
Made of peptiglyocan - maintains shape and prevents lysis
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What are the ribosomes?
made of RNA and protein - site of protein synthesis
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What are the Flagellum?
slender projections - contain motor proteins for movement
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What is the plasma membrane?
Phospholipid bilayer - selectively permeable barrier surrounding cell
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What are the Organelles in a Eukaryote ?
Nucleus, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, RER (with ribosomes), SER, Lysosome, cytoplasm, 80s ribosomes, mitochondria, plasma membrane, vacuole
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What is the Golgi apparatus?
flattened sacs - receives, processes (adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins) and expels proteins into the secretory pathway
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What is the RER?
Rough (studded with 70s ribosomes) endoplasmic reticulum - membrane network that transports substances between organelles
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What is the SER?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum - membrane network that produces and transports lipids
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What is the lysosome?
stack of vesicles - contains hydrolytic/digestive enzymes for digestion of food, damaged organelles of whole cells
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What are the mitochondria?
double membrane structure (with their own DNA and 70S ribosomes) - aerobically respire to produce ATP
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What is the vacuole?
sac in the middle of cell, maintains hydrostatic pressure in cell
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When did Prokaryotes first evolve?
3.5 bit years ago
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When did Eukaryotes first evolve?
2 mil years ago
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How do Prokaryotes reproduce?
Using binary fission
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How do Eukaryotes reproduce?
Using mitosis
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The DNA of Prokaryotes is....
'naked' (in Nucleoid)
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The DNA of Eukaryotes is...
enveloped in nucleus
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The organelles in Prokaryotes are...
not membrane bound
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The organelles in Eukaryotes are...
membrane bound (allowing different environments to exist in each Organelle)
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The cell walls of Prokaryotes are made of...
Peptidoglycan
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The cell walls (if present) of Eukaryotes are made of...
cellulose or chitin
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How does Light microscopy compare to Electron Microscopy?
light = max resolution 200 nm apart, electron = higher resolution (2um apart) and magnification, but not in colour
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How are red blood cells adapted for exchange?

Back

Disc-like shape (large SA), No nucleus/full of haemoglobin (can transport more Oxygen)

Card 3

Front

How are palisade plant cells adapted for photosynthesis?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the organelles in a Prokaryote?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the Slime capsule?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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