Humanistic Existential approaches

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What is humanism?
Natural potential that we can atualise,
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What are the problems?
Not being true self
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What is phenomenology?
Here and now, self awareness, freedom, responsibility, trust to make positvie choices
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What is existentialism?
Human limitations realities
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What are the problems?
Failing to create the meaning of life
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What are Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self actualisation, self esteem, belonging and love, safety and physiological
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What are the 2 types of motivation?
Deficiency and growth
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What was Rogers view of human nature?
humans are basically good, actualisation tendency leads to productive life
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What is actualising tendency?
Sole natural motivating drive in humans
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What is the process of striving towards wholeness?
Directional
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What is organismic valuing?
Weighing of experiences and placing value based on ability to satisfy organism
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What is it based on?
Individual's phenomenal field, subjective experience/frame of reference
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What are the two experience and awareness?
Awareness and non-conscious organismic functioning
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What is awareness?
Representation of experience
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What do some experiences not do?
they do not accurately symbolise in awareness--> defensive denials/distortions
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What is the definition of self concept?
Your perceptions of yourself
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What are examples of self-concept?
Qualities you perceive yourself to have, values attached to characteristics, ideal self, relationships perceived between self and others
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What are conditions of worth?
Need for positive regard
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What can this be?
Unconditional or conditional
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What does this mean?
Valued for who you are, no matter what you do vd valued for doing what others want you to do
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What do people rely on?
Conditional regard -- introject conditions of worth
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What are these?
secondary valuing process, develop conditional positive self regard
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What does this overlap with?
Super-ego
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What does conditional regard lead to?
Maladjusted state
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What does unconditional regard lead to?
Fully functioning
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How is maladjustment maintained?
Experiences can be ignred, accurately perceived and assimilated into self concept, disorted, denied
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What is distorted and denied mean?
Defence against conflict between self concept and experiencing
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What is a mental disorder according to Rogers?
Incongruence between self concept and experience
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What do people do?
Deny and distort positive feedback from outside, inhibit postive feelings from withing
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What is anxiety according to Rogers?
Cause unknown to sufferer, incongruence discriminated as threatening to self-concept
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What is sudden or obvious high incongruence?
Defence unable to operate, experience accurately symbolized in awareness, disorganisation, psychotic breakdown
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Why are the goals of therapy?
Rejects medical model
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What are the goals of therapy set by?
Client responsible for own purpose and goals, therapist trusts in actualising tendency
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What does the therapist do?
Assist clients in growth process, allow them to become increasingly actualised,
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What do they do?
Get behind the mask, openness to experience, internal locus of evaluation
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What is the therapeutic process?
No specific techniques, it is the therapeutic relationship which is important, provide conditions required to allow change, because of actualising tendency, change will be positive
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what are the core attitudinal conditions?
genuiness, openness, autheticity, not playing toles or putting on professional facades
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What is unconditional positive regard?
Spontaneous prizing of client
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What is empathy?
Understanding clients feelings and experiences, get in their shoes, internal frame of reference, listening, resonating, discriminating, communicating, checking
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What is evaluating person centred therapy?
Actualising tendency cannot be directly observed
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Pel's Gestalt Approach
Pel's Gestalt Approach
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What is phenomenological?
Individuals' pereptions of reality
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What is existential?
Individual existence, freedom and choice, capacity for growth and change through awareness
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What did Individuals do?
Cannot be understood apart from environment
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What is Holism?
Human organism is a unified whole
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What is field theory?
Organism must be seen in context
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How is expereince organised?
moment to moment basis
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What is an important aspect of environment?
Emerges as figure while other aspects remain as the background
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What do shifts depend on?
Needs
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What do organisms strive for?
Balance
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What is balanced?
Internal need and environmental demand
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What does OSR do?
Satisfies needs by restorin balance
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What needs are prioritized?
Around relevance for survival, growth and self-actualisation
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what is psychological health?
Awareness of shifting need states, identifying with moment to moment experiencing
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What is contact with?
What is happening in self environment field, happens at the contact boundary, sensory awareness and motor behaviour
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What happens after contact?
Withdrawal to integrate
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What is neurosis?
Problem of poor gestalt formation and closure, figure emerge from background but are not completed and resolved --> unfinished business
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What is unexpressed?
Not fully experienced in awareness
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What does it interfere with?
Effective contact; blockages within the body and unfinished business persists until feelings dealt with
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What is contact boundary distubances?
Developed as a coping processes, out of awareness
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What is this used as?
Chronic use: Dysfunctional behaviour, neuroses
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What is introjection?
Uncritically accept others' beliefs and standards without assimilation
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What is Projection?
Disown aspects of outself inconsistent with self image and assign to others
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What is Retroflection?
Self other discrimination failure. Turning back onto self what we would like to do to others
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What is Confluence?
No distinction between self and other. Unable to make good contact or withdraw
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What are the goals of therapy?
Awareness of particular areas and awareness - self regulation and growth
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What is the paradoxical theory of change?
Change occurs when one becomes what he is, not when he tries to become what he is not - authenticity and wholeness
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What is the therapeutic process?
Exploration, experimentation rather than goal oriented
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What do they focus on?
What and how, here and now
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What is phenomenological inquiry?
Direct experience, present - centred
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What is the shuttle technique
Re-integrate disowned aspects of personality, direct attention back and forth betwee 2 aspects
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What is the top dog-underdog dialogue>
Neurotic conflicts: opposing aspects of personality
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What is the Top dog and Underdog?
super ego and infraego
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What is the empty chair?
Alternate roles, move chairs
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Who is Rogers?
The father of psychotherapy research
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But what happens more recently?
HEPSs lack evidence, relatively little interest from NICE
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What did Rosenzweig say?
Common rather than specific factors the dodo Bird Conjecture
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What happened with Many Meta-analyses?
all therapies lead to comparable effect sizes - the dodo bird effect
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What is Lamberts pie?
Technique, expectancy or placebo, therapeutic relationships and client variables
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What are common factors?
Most frequently studied: accurate empathy, positive regard, congruence or genuineness
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What is the problem for specific disorders?
Preference for gold standard evidence for therapies to be classed as evidence based treatments, based on the medical model
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What is it suited to?
therapies adopting DSM categories and using specific techniques to treat symptoms
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What did King et al find?
RCT, brief psychological therapy vs GP care. PCT and CBT equally effective in reducing depressive symptoms
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What did Gibbard and Hannley find out?
PCT effective for anxiety and depression over 5 years, not limited to mild moderate
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What did Strumpfel and Goldman find out?
Gestalt therapy as effective as cognitive therapy and PCT for depression and phobias
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the problems?

Back

Not being true self

Card 3

Front

What is phenomenology?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is existentialism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the problems?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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