Human physiology and pathology-Cardiovascular System

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  • Created by: jessica
  • Created on: 03-03-13 11:55
What are the metabolic functions of the CVS?
delivery of nutrients, removal of metabolites, circulation of hormones, temperature regulation
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What are the basal requirements for an adult?
Total oxygen requirement - 300mlmin-1, Brain requires 150mlmin-1, Heart requires 24mlmin-1, Other organs require 75mlmin-1,
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What are the 6 CV circulation systems?
cerebral, pulmonary, cadriac, hepatic, renal and systematic
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What does arterial circulation do?
takes high oxygenated blood from the heart
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What does venous circulation do?
takes low oxygenated blood to the heart.
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What is the heart surrounded by?
pericardium sac that protects it and is joined to the diaphragm.
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What is stroke volume?
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
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What is cardiac output?
amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute.
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What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO= HR x SV
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How does blood in the venous system move?
It is the movement of the skeletal muscle that aids the movement of venous blood. There are small valves throughout the system, preventing the blood from travelling two ways.
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What do capillary beds consist of?
3 types of vessels, terminal arteriole, postcapillary venule and true capillaries.
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What does the terminal arteriole contain?
precapillary sphincters controlling blood supply to the capillaries.
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What is a pulse?
pressure wave of blood. Is monitored at pressure points where the pulse is easily palpated.
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What is the maximum and minimum arterial blood flow?
The maximum arterial blood flow is 120mmHg and the minimum is 80mmHg.
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What is the mean arterial pressure? (MAP)
the average arterial pressure over the cardiac cyclediastolic pressure + 0.33 x (pulse pressure).
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What is the equation for MAP?
CO = (MAP-CVP)/TPR or MAP = CO x TPR
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Describe the structure of the heart
Has three layers, outer layer the epicardium, middle layer the myocardium and an inner layer of epithelial cells making the epithelium.Ventricular muscle is much thicker than atrial muscle and the left side has a thicker muscle than the right side.
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Describe the AV valves
The AV valve on the left has two flaps of connective tissue so is the bicuspid valve or mitral valve.The AV valve on the right has three flaps of connective tissue so is the tricuspid valve.
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How are the valve cusps held in place?
strands of connective tissue, chordae tendineae which extend to the papillary muscles that protrude from the ventricular wall.
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Describe the properties of cardiac muscle
ionic characteristics so can fire action potentials, striated, numerous mitochondria, networks of SR allowing Ca2+ to gather which is a major component in cardiac contraction, arranged in 2µm sarcomeres which are made of actin and myosin.
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What is a sarcomere made of?
three bands, Z line, A band and the I band
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What are the two types of cardiac cell?
autorhythmic and contractile.
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Describe myocyte physiology
Membrane permeable to potassium but not sodium, Membrane activity swaps calcium for sodium which then goes to the sodium potassium ATPase pore and is sent out of the cell.
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What is the absolute refractory period?
Contraction lasts 200-250ms, Contraction weakening via repolarisation, -50mV to full repolarisation
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What is the purpose of the absolute refractory period?
to prevent sustained contraction in the myocardium.
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What happens in the p wave?
Atrial Depolarisation (0.08s) Depolarisation spreads through atria to ventricles, Delay at AV node, Heart block if PR Interval > 0.2s
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What happens in the QRS complex?
Ventricular Depolarisation,
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What happnes in the ST segement?
Plateau of Ventricular Action Potential
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What happens in the T wave?
Ventricular Repolarisation. Slower than depolarisation = a broad wave
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What is the heartbeat triggered by?
the SA node. Action potentials originate in the SA node, travelling through to the AV node on the way to the ventricles.
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What do pacemaker cells do?
fire action potentials in the absence of external stimulus in a regular periodic fashion.
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What are pacemaker potentials?
-after an action potential a pacemaker cell starts to depolarize straight away until the membrane potential reaches threshold, triggering an action potential. Membrane returns to -60--70mV, until another action potential triggered
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What are funny channels?
channels that only open for a brief time, closing when membrane reaches -55mV
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What do autonomic neurons do?
exert control over the rate and force of cardiac muscle contractions
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are the basal requirements for an adult?

Back

Total oxygen requirement - 300mlmin-1, Brain requires 150mlmin-1, Heart requires 24mlmin-1, Other organs require 75mlmin-1,

Card 3

Front

What are the 6 CV circulation systems?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What does arterial circulation do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What does venous circulation do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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