Human Value

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What is the definition of human value?
The common importance that is shared by all humans, which perhaps makes us of greater significance than other living things.
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What is meant by secular?
The separation of Church and State which reflects religious doctrines, usually preferring a more empirical approach to human value.
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HUMAN VALUE VS THE VALUE OF ANIMALS
HUMAN VALUE VS THE VALUE OF ANIMALS
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CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY
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What is the story of Abraham and Isaac?
God ordered Abraham to sacrifice his son, just when he was about to, an angel of God called down to him and told him to replace his son with a ram.
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How may traditional christians interpret this in relation to human value?
Traditional christians who take the Bible as the word of God may deem humans as more valuable than animals.
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What did Lactantius say about this?
"God has made humankind as a sacred animal. Humankind, therefore has dignity. This dignity means that human beings should not be sacrificed.
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What does this show about human value?
Human lives are valuable and so we can't be sacrificed.
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What does both the story of Abraham and Isaac and Lactantius say about animal value?
Animals are of less value so we are allowed to sacrificed them, as seen when Abraham sacrificed a ram.
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How may liberal christians interpret this differently?
They may view animals as being valuable as they are a gift to God - increasing their value.
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What was said in Genesis 1:28?
"Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and birds in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground."
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What is this an example of?
Stewardship.
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How have many traditional christians interpret this quote?
That humans can control all other living things so they are of more value than other animals.
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What does this contradict?
"Lion lay with lamb."
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How have people interpreted "lion lay with lamb"?
Interpreted it to mean that animals and humans ar actually equal in value.
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In what ways can stewardship be interpreted?
In either a domineering way or a caring way.
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How does this reflect on human value views?
Depending on the way that Christians view stewardship alters there view on animals.
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Overall, what does this say about human value in relation to animals?
Humans have more value than animals as we are able to rule over them and prey upon them, so they are of less value.
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What was said in Genesis 1:26?
We are made in the "image and likeness of God."
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What does this show about our value?
Shows that humans are of a higher value as we are made to be like God who has infinite and ultimate value.
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What was said in Genesis 1:26?
We are made in the "image and likeness of God."
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What does this show about our value?
Shows that humans are of a higher value as we are made to be like God who has infinite and ultimate value.
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What is dignity?
Serious, calm and collected behaviour that makes people want to respect you.
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What is natural dignity?
Our ability to make moral decisions.
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What is supernatural dignity?
Our ability to recognise and love God.
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What does supernatural dignity say about our value in relation to animals?
As far as we know animals do not have supernatural dignity, meaning that they don't have the ability to recognise God.
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BUDDHISM
BUDDHISM
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What is the 1st of the 5 precepts?
Do not harm or kill.
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What is special about this precept?
That it doesn't simply apply to all humans but it also extends to all non-human animal.
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What does this say about human and animal value?
That buddhists who follow these 5 precepts will value humans and animals the same.
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What is karma?
The idea that all actions will have equal reactions.
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What is samsara?
The cycle of life, death and rebirth.
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Why might these concepts cause Buddhists to hold animals of a higher value?
They may value animals more as if they are bad to them in their present life and devalue them, then consequences will occur in their next life.
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What, in relation to samsara, shows that Buddhists are likely to hold animals of a higher value?
The fact that we can be reborn into animals.
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What does right livelihood, in the 8 fold path say about value?
Right livelihood also means that working with animals in an environment where they would be harmed may produce more suffering and decrease chances of reaching Nirvana.
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What is another key belief about animals within Buddhism?
Both humans and non-human animals have Buddha-nature and the possibility of becoming perfectly enlightened.
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However, how does an animal reach Nirvana?
Once they are reborn as a human.
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What does this say about their value?
As they can't reach enlightenment as an animal it may suggest that there is a difference in value.
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PETER SINGER
PETER SINGER
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What is an anti-speciest?
Someone who rejects the idea that humans have more value and are superior to non-human animals.
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What did Singer say about animal rights?
Singer said that he knows that humans and animals aren't politically equal, so doesn't necessarily advocate for animal rights in terms of the right to vote but advocates for animal equality.
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Why does he advocate for animal equality?
On the basis that animals and humans share the same capacity for pleasure and pain.
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What is preference utilitarianism?
The belief that those who are able to form preferences on pleasure and pain should always be considered when making moral decisions.
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How does this relate to animals?
Animals have the ability to hold preferences, so when making moral decisions we should also look at what increases the pleasure and decreases the pain for the animals.
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What does this say about value?
As both animals and humans are able to hold preferences and interests, then we are of the same value.
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What other study did Singer do to support his views?
He pulls similarities between animals with cognitive abilities and humans with cognitive disabilities in an attempt to show the resemblance.
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What example did he give?
A parrot, Alex can answer novel questions and has a modest numerical value.
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What did he record about Alex?
When shown a yellow cube and a yellow sphere and asked "what is the same", the parrot would reply "colour".
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VALUE AND ABORTION
VALUE AND ABORTION
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BUDDHISM
BUDDHISM
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Why is the view on abortion rather divided for buddhism?
As there is no central authority to say that abortion is permissable within Buddhism or not.
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What did James Hughes say about this?
"Most Western and Japanese Buddhists come away believing in the permissibility of abortion, while many other Buddhists believe abortion to be murder."
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What did the Dalai Lama say about abortion?
"From a Buddhist standpoint a act of killing is negative generally speaking. But it depends on the circumstances. If the unborn child will be retarded or if the birth will create serious problems for a parent, there can be an exception."
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What about abortion in relation to karma?
Abortion will generate bad karma for the mother, the abortionist and the fetus.
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Why would it provide bad karma for the feotus?
The soul of the foetus is deprived of opportunities that would have given it good karma, it hinders the spiritual progress.
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What does this say about value?
It may suggest that abortion lessens the value of the mother and the abortionist and that some Buddhists view all life, even the foetus', as valuable.
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CHRISTIANITY
CHRISTIANITY
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What is the key commandment when talking about abortion?
"Thou shalt not kill."
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What did the teaching of the 12 apostles say about abortion?
"You shall not kill the child in the womb or murder a newborn infant."
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When does life begin within Christanity?
At conception.
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What is the proof for this?
The Bible repeatedly refers to children before birth, not as foetus', but as very small/young children.
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Why are so many Christians against abortion?
As it contradicts the sanctity of life.
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What is the sanctity of life?
Life is sacred as it is God given and only God can take it away.
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What is natural law based upon?
An internal set of rules that God had put inside of us for us to figure out and find our purpose.
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What is a key secondary precept within natural law?
"Do not abort the unborn."
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What was said about this secondary precept?
Although it is a secondary precept it was made absolute, so there are no expections.
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What does this say about value?
Christians believe that foetus' have the same value as living beings, and if you abort a child it devalues that human.
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UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
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What is Bentham's principle of utility?
The greatest good for the greatest number.
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How does this link to abortion?
If the abortion was to produce the greatest good for the greatest number, then Bentham would deem it as a permissable action.
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What are the measures for the hedonic calculus?
Intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity and extent.
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How does this, overall, link to value?
Value may lay in the moral decisions we make, if we make moral decisions that fit the principle of utility, it may make us more valuable.
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JJT
JJT
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In what book did she write most of her work in abortion?
"A defence of abortion."
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What does JJT defend?
The permissability of abortion.
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What is the violinist example?
You wake up in bed with an unconscious violinist with a fatal kidney ailment. The Society of Music Lowers want to extract the poison using you. In 9 months time he would have recovered, however if you unplug now then he will die.
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What is the key principle JJT derived from this?
Due to the right to life, we can unplug ourselves.
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So, what does this say about abortion?
Abortion does not violate the foetus' life.
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VALUE AND GENDER
VALUE AND GENDER
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MUSLIM ATTITUDES
MUSLIM ATTITUDES
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What was said in Qur'an about gender?
Men and woman have the same spiritual human nature, they are both dignified and are trustees of Allah on earth, they both have the same religious and moral duties and responsibilities.
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How does their view of the fall of man differ from Christian's?
Women are not blamed for the fall of man, nor is pregnancy and childbirth a punishment for this. Adam and Eve are referred to together as the ones responsible for eating from the tree, not Eve alone.
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What do muslims believe women are?
The grounds of love and respect.
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So, what does this say about gender equality?
Men and women may be equal within Islam but they are not the same.
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Why are they not the same?
As men are in charge of the household, they fulfill the needs of the family - especially the women as it is their duty.
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What did Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) say about this?
"The best of you are those who are best to their wives."
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What is the difference between men and women in some Muslim countries?
Women can't drive or go to university.
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So what does this say about value?
It is not as if men have more value than women, merely they have different roles.
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RICHARD DAWKIN
RICHARD DAWKINS
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In what book did Dawkins devise his memes and genes theory?
The Selfish Gene
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What is the definition of a meme?
It is analogous to the gene, they are used to describe Darwinian principles to explain the ehtoery
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What is the definition of a meme?
It is analogous to the gene, they are used to describe Darwinian principles to explain the ehtoery
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What is the definition of a meme?
It is analogous to the gene, they are used to describe Darwinian principles to explain the ehtoery
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What is the definition of a meme?
It is analogous to the gene, they are used to describe Darwinian principles to explain the ehtoery
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What is the definition of a meme?
It is analogous to the gene, they are used to describe Darwinian principles to explain the spread of ideas and cultural phenomena.
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What else can memes be called?
The theory of memetics.
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What are the two types of replicators?
Genes and memes.
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How do genes and memes spread?
Genes spread through the gene pool and memes spread through human culture.
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What are some examples of memes?
Good ideas or tunes, catch phrases and fashion.
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What do memes say about human value?
Animals can't contribute to art and create memes, suggesting that humans have more value. Through contributing to memes it can increase the value of humans, some humans become immortal as there memes live on forever.
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SECULAR VIEWS ON GENDER
SECULAR VIEWS ON GENDER
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What latest contraversy may have changed views on gender?
Due to the recent inauguration of Trump in America, there has been a rise in patriarchy. This meaning that people are starting to devalue women, assigning them to stereotypical roles or assuming that they don't have rights.
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What protests have occured because of this?
Women's March which advocated for women's rights and that we have a voice which can't be taken away from us.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is meant by secular?

Back

The separation of Church and State which reflects religious doctrines, usually preferring a more empirical approach to human value.

Card 3

Front

HUMAN VALUE VS THE VALUE OF ANIMALS

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

CHRISTIANITY

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the story of Abraham and Isaac?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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