Human anotomy and physiology - cardiovascular system

?
  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 08-04-20 12:40
what is the cardiovascular system
closed system of the heart and blood vessels•The heart pumps the blood•Blood vessels allow blood to circulate body• function - to transport oxygen, nutrients, immune cells and hormones and to remove co2 & waste
1 of 70
what is the components of blood
plasma and formed elements
2 of 70
what are the formed element found in blood
Red blood cells•White blood cells/leukocytes (neutrophils, lympocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils)•Platelets
3 of 70
how is bloods' formed elements created
hemopoiesis
4 of 70
how is red blood cell (RBC) production regulated
hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
5 of 70
facts about the heart
thorax between the lungs•Pointed apex directed toward left hip•About the size of fist
6 of 70
what covers the heart
Pericardium; visceral Pericardium; parietal Pericardium; serous fluid
7 of 70
what is Pericardium that covers the heart
a double serous membrane
8 of 70
what is visceral Pericardium that covers the heart
next to the heart
9 of 70
what is parietal Pericardium that covers the heart
outside layer
10 of 70
what is serous fluid that covers the heart
space between the layers of Pericardium - reduce friction
11 of 70
what are the 3 layered walls found inthe heart
Epicardium; myocardium; endocardium
12 of 70
what is the Epicardium layer int he heart
outside layer•This layer is the parietal pericardium•Connective tissue layer
13 of 70
what is the myocardium layer in the heart
middle layer (95% of the heart wall)•Mostly cardiac muscle
14 of 70
what is the endocardium layer int he heart
inner layer•Thin layer of endothelium overlying connective tissue
15 of 70
what are chambers found in the heart
atria (receiving); ventricles (discharging)
16 of 70
what are the function of the valves
allow blood flow in 1 direction; no blackflow
17 of 70
where to find Atrioventricular valve
between atria and ventricles
18 of 70
what are they types of Atrioventricular valve
Bicuspid valve (left); Tricuspid valve (right)
19 of 70
where to find the semilunar valve
ventricle and artery
20 of 70
what are they types of semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve; Aortic semilunar valve
21 of 70
how does the valves work
Valves open as blood is pumped through; Held in place by chordae tendineae (“heart strings”); Close to prevent backflow
22 of 70
what are the vessels in the heart
aorta; pulmonary arteries; vena cava; pulmonary veins
23 of 70
what is Coronary Circulation
The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
24 of 70
what is found in Coronary Circulation system
Coronary arteries; Cardiac veins
25 of 70
what is the conduction system
Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system); Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
26 of 70
what are the special tissues found int he conducting system
Sinoatrial node (SA) [Pacemaker]; Atrioventricular node (AV); Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His); Bundle branches; Purkinje fibers
27 of 70
what is the order of cardiac cycle
Atria contract simultaneously; Atria relax, then ventricles contract
28 of 70
what is systole
contraction
29 of 70
what is diastole
relaxation
30 of 70
what is s cardiac cycle
events of one complete heart beat
31 of 70
what is Mid-to-late diastole
Blood flows into ventricles
32 of 70
what is Ventricular systole
Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
33 of 70
what is Early diastole
Atria finish re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
34 of 70
what is cardiac output (CO)
Amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
35 of 70
what is the equation for cardiac output (CO)
CO = (heart rate [HR]) x (stroke volume [SV])
36 of 70
what is stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction - remains constant (heart rate)
37 of 70
what is Starling’s law of the heart
The more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
38 of 70
how to change the cardiac output
changing the heart rate
39 of 70
how to increase heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system; Activated in a crisis; Hormones; Epinephrine (Adrenaline); Thyroxine; Exercise; Decreased blood volume
40 of 70
how to decrease heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system; High blood pressure or blood volume; Decreased venous return
41 of 70
what vessels are used to take the blood to the tissues and back
Arteries; Arterioles; Capillaries; Venules; Veins
42 of 70
what are the 3 layers in blood vessels (tunics)
Tunica initima; Tunica media; tunica externa
43 of 70
what is Tunica initima
Endothelium
44 of 70
what is Tunica media
Smooth muscle; controlled by sympathetic nervous system
45 of 70
what is Tunica externa
Mostly fibrous connective tissue
46 of 70
Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Walls of arteries are the thickest; Lumens of veins are larger; Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart; Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
47 of 70
Movement of Blood Through Vessels
Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart; Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
48 of 70
what are capillary beds
Network of 10-100 capillaries; Precapillary sphincters control blood flow; Relaxed=more blood flow; Contract = limits blood flow;True capillaries =exchange vessels; O2 and nutrients cross to cells; CO2 and metabolic waste products cross into blood
49 of 70
Capillary Exchange
Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients; Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood; Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells
50 of 70
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System (embryo to fetus)
A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week; The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks; Few structural changes occur after the seventh week
51 of 70
what is the pulse
Pressure wave of blood which can be monitored
52 of 70
what is blood pressure
Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries; Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
53 of 70
what factors effect blood pressure
neural, renal, temperature, chemicals, diets, substances
54 of 70
how does neural factors effect blood pressure
Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
55 of 70
how does renal factors effect blood pressure
Regulation by altering blood volume; Renin – hormonal control
56 of 70
how does temperature effect blood pressure
Heat has a vasodilation effect; Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
57 of 70
what is the normal range for blood pressure
140–110 mm Hg systolic; 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
58 of 70
what is the range of blood pressure for someone with hypotension
Often associated with illness; Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
59 of 70
what is the range of blood pressure for someone with hypertension
Associated with cardiovascular disease; High systolic (above 140 mm HG); Can be dangerous if it is chronic
60 of 70
what is cholesterol - blood lipid
A lipid involved in a number of important processes; Key component of cell membranes; Precursor for the production of the sex steroid hormones, bile acid and vitamin D Synthesised primarily by the liver; Also regulated/recycled by the liver
61 of 70
how is cholesterol transported around the body
lipoproteins
62 of 70
what is lipoproteins
A combination of fat and protein that transports lipids (fats) in the blood
63 of 70
type of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons; Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL); Intermediate density lipoprotein (DL); Low density lipoprotein (LDL); High density lipoprotein (HDL)
64 of 70
what is low density lipoproteins (LDL)
Carries cholesterol to cells
65 of 70
what is high density lipoproteins (HDL)
Carries cholesterol away from the cells and back to the liver to be recycled or excreted
66 of 70
what is the risk of chronically elevated triglyceride in blood
for cardiovascular disease
67 of 70
what is Atherosclerosis
disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries
68 of 70
what is the consequence from Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery disease; Myocardial infarction i.e. Heart attack; Stroke
69 of 70
what is Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Genetic condition that leads to very high LDL cholesterol levels; Not uncommon for homozygous carrier to have a heart attack before the age of 25
70 of 70

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is the components of blood

Back

plasma and formed elements

Card 3

Front

what are the formed element found in blood

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

how is bloods' formed elements created

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how is red blood cell (RBC) production regulated

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Biology resources:

See all Biology resources »See all cardiovascular system resources »