Human anatomy and physiology- respiration system

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 07-04-20 18:59
what is used in the respiration system
nose; pharynx (throat); larynx (voice box); trachea; bronchi; lungs
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what is part of the upper respiration tract
nose; pharynx (throat) & associated structures
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what is part of the lower respiration tract
trachea, airways, alvioli
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whats the function of a conducting zone
interconnecting cavaties and tubes; filters,moisten and warms the air & coducts to lungs
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whats the function of a respiratory zone
tissue within the lungs, where gas exchange occurs; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks & alveoli
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what is the nose
Bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin, lined by mucous membrane
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what is the function of the nose
Warming, moistening & filtering incoming air; Detecting olfactory stimuli; Modifying speech patterns through large, hollow resonating chambers
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what is the trachea
passageway 12cmx2.5cm; 20 cartilage plates; trachealis muscle lines the posteria wall; lined by columnal epithelial cells innervated by mucous glands and cilia
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what is the function of the trachealis muscle on the posteria walls
allows flexibility
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what is the function of having columnal epithelial cells innervated by mucous glands and cilia
Mucous ‘stream’ upwards carrying debris
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what is the mucocilaiary escalator
Entire respiratory tract from upper airway to terminal bronchioles lined with mucus - covered cilialted epithelium; secretions produced by goblet cells
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Superior border 5th thoracic vertebra trachea divides (bronchi)
Right primary bronchus → right lung ; Left primary bronchus → left lung
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Right primary bronchus more vertical, shorter and wider
Aspirated objects more likely to enter right primary bronchus
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Paired cone shaped organs of thoracic cavity
Right lung = 3 lobes Left lung = 2 lobes
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Lungs are surrounded by layers of pleural membrane
parietal pleura; visceral pleura; pleural cavity
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what is the function of parietal pleura
Attached to thoracic cavity
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what is the function of visceral pleura
Surrounds lungs
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what is the function of pleural cavity
Between layer of parietal pleura & visceral pleura
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what is the function of the lungs
Gas exchange; immune system (barrier); metabolic functions (Endothelial cells lining capillaries of lungs synthesise and metabolise numerous compounds )
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what is the size of a lung
Space of approx 4 L volume; Surface area for gas exchange of ≈ 85 m2; Adult lung weighs ≈ 1 kg; Lung tissue 60% weight ; 40% blood
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what is anatomical location
Lung divisions and sites of disease ( pulmonary anatomy to relate physiology and pathophysiology)
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what is the responsibility of alveolar space
Lungs volume; Divided by interstitium; Lung collagen fibres; Potential space for fluid and cells to accumulate
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size of alveoli
300 million alveoli → 70 m2 surface area
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what is around the circumference of alveolar ducts
numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs
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the structure of a alveolus
Cup shaped out-pouching
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what is an alveolar sac
2 or more alveoli that share common opening
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what are they types of alveolar cells
type I; type II (septal); macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes
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what is a function of a type I alveolar cell
Thin, flat cells accounting for majority of wall lining; Main site of gaseous exchange
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what is a function of a type II (septal) alveolar cell
Thicker and less in number; Secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps surface between cells & air moist & surfactant
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what is the function of macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes (alveolar cell)
Immune function (e.g. allergic reaction)
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what is the pulmonary surfactant (alveolar walls)
Phospholipid and proteins mixture; Decreases surface tension caused by liquid alveoli; Necessary to prevent collapse
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facts about breathing
air covering the surface of the earth exerts a pressure of about 760 mmHg = 1 atmosphere; Nitrogen, argon, neon, helium, water vapour, volatile hydrocarbons, compounds of sulphur and nitrogen, solid particles of dust, and aerosols
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what is external (pulmonary) respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood of pulmonary capillaries; Pulmonary capillary blood gains O2 and loses CO
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what is internal respiration
Exchange gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells; Blood loses O2 and gains CO2; Needed for cellular respiration
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how does lung compliance effect ventilation
Ease to which lungs can be expanded; Diminished by fibrosis, blockage of bronchi, impaired flexibility of thoracic cage
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how does lung elasticity effect ventilation
In emphysema, loss of recoil, 25% total energy spent on forced expiration
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how can the energy expenditure be increased when breathing
When pulmonary compliance is decreased; When airway resistance is increased; When elastic recoil is decreased; When there is need for increased ventilation
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what is total lung capacity (TLC)
Volume of air in lungs after max inspiration (6L)
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what is the total lung capacity (TLC) equation
IRV + TV + ERV + RV
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what is vital capacity (VC)
Max vol forced out after max inspration (4.6L)
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what is the vital capacity (VC) equation
IRV + TV + ERV
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what is tidal volume (TV)
Amount of air breathed in or out during normal respiration (0.5L)
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what is residual volume (RV)
Amount of air left int he lungs after max exhalation (1.2L)
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what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Amount of air that can be breathed out after normal breathing (1.2L)
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what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Additional air that can be inhaled after tidal breath ((3.6L)
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what is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) equation
VC- (TV + ERV)
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what is the functional residue capacity (FRC)
Amount of air in the lungs after tidal breath out (2.4L)
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what is the functional residue capacity (FRC) equation
ERV +RV
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what is the inspiration capacity (IC)
Volume that can be inhaled after tidal breath out (4.1L)
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what is the inspiration capacity (IC) equation
TV + IRV
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what is anatomical dead space
Volume of conducting airways (1.2L)
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what happend when O2 it transprorted
99% dissolves into blood and combines with haemoglobin;Increases carrying capacity 70 fold
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what happend when CO2 it transprorted
99% dissolves into blood reversibly; converted into other products'; Increases carrying capacity 20 folds
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what is haemoglobin
Iron core; 4 haeom groups ( a1. a2, b1,b2); Each group can bind one molecule O2
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whats the equation when oxygen binds to haemoglobin
Hb4 + O2 ↔ Hb4O8
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what happens as oxygen binds to haemoglobin
hard for 1st to bind; when successful it will increase affinity- partially saturated ; last is also hard.- fully saturated
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Hb and O2 dissociation curve
sigmoid shape: Amount of O2 carried not sensitive to changes in lungs over normal range of 100-160 mmHg; At tissue PO2 levels, curve very steep so small changes in PO2 levels (PO2 < 60 mmHg) lead to large release of O2 to tissue
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what is the bohr effect
H+ bind to Hband alter the shape, thereby decreasing ‘grip’ on O2 molecules; Decreased pH leads to decreased saturation shifting curve to the right; CO2 is the primary cause of the Bohr effect
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where to find myoglobin
found in the skeletal muscle
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what is myoglobin
involved in sustained contraction • Iron core similar to Hb • Binds 1 molecule of O2 rather than 4 • Rectangular hyperbole curve • High affinity for O2 • Only releases O2 at very low PO2 • Also thought to aid transport of O2 to mitochondria
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what is the problem with Cabon monixide
has a greater affinity for Hb that O2; causes a cumulative and insidious affect
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how does carbon monoxide effect the affinity for Hb
Carboxyhaemoglobin (CO-Hb); Also shifts oxyHbdissociation curve to left
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how does carbon monoxide cause a cumulative and insidious effect
Breathing low levels can slowly reach life threatening levels of CO-Hb; Gas colourless, odourless & tasteless
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how does carbon monoxide effect smokers and non-smokers
Non-smoker in rural area ≈1% Smoker in urban area ≈5-8%
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what part of the brain generates rhythmic breathing
Respiratory centres
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what is included in the respiratory centres
Medulla oblongata ; Pons
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how is the depth and frequency of resting rhythm determined
by feedback to respiratory centres from mechanoreceptors in lungs and chest wall
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how does some stimuli affect breathing via higher brain centres
Hypothalamus and limbic system; Temperature, pain and emotion
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what happens when breathing more sensitive stimulation
high CO2 ( hypercapnia ) than low O2 ( hypoxia )
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what occurs when theres a build up of co2 in the blood
CO2 stored as HCO3; H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 ↔ HCO3-+ H ; overall deacreases blood pH; Ventilation matched to metabolism through CO 2 produced rather than O 2 consumed
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what stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors
vascular stasis; cyanide; nicotine; exercise
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how does vascular stasis stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
decreased blood flow to carotid
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how much nicotine stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors
in sufficient amounts
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how does cyanide stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
-prevents O 2 utilisation at tissue level
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how does exercise stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors
due to increased plasma K+; CO and anaemia have no effect
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what is CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
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Card 2

Front

what is part of the upper respiration tract

Back

nose; pharynx (throat) & associated structures

Card 3

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what is part of the lower respiration tract

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

whats the function of a conducting zone

Back

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Card 5

Front

whats the function of a respiratory zone

Back

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