human anatomy and physiology - Musculoskeletal System

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 08-04-20 14:26
what is the function of the skeletal system
Support and Protection; Hematopoiesis (blood cell production); Mineral homeostasis
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what are the minerals that skeletal muscle maintains
Calcium; Phosphorus; Carbonate; Magnesium
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how is bone a connective tissue
Matrix; Collagen fibers for flexibility and tensile strength; Calcium for rigidity; Hydroxyapatite Ca5(PO4)3OH
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what are the types of bone cell (osteo)
osteoblast; osteocyte; osteoclasts; monocytes
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what is osteoblast cell
Bone maker; Form organic components of matrix (collagen fibers)
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what is osteocyte cell
bone maintainers
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what is osteoclasts cell
Bone breakers
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what are the function of monocytes in bone cells
Collagenases and other enzymes; Stimulated by parathyroid hormone; Inhibited by Calcitonin; Bone resorption (maintenance and repair of bones); Secrete citric and lactic acids
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types of bone shape
Long - tibia and fibula; Short - talus and scaphoid; Flat - sternum and scapula; Irregular - vertebrae and pelvis
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types of bone tissue
dense or compact (85%); spongy/cancellous (15%)
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types of dense or compact bone tissue
Osteon (Haversian System); Central (Haversian) canal; Lamellae; Lacunae with osteocytes; Canaliculi
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types of spongy/cancellous bone tissue
Trabeculae
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what is Periosteum
Tough sheath that surrounds the bone surface; Outer fibrous layer is dense, irregular connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels Inner layer; Osteoblasts; Anchored to bone by collagen fibers that penetrate into bone
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what is a joint
Classified based on degree of movement
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types of joint
Synarthrosis – immovable joint; Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint; Diarthrosis/synovial – freely movable joint
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types of joint structure
fibrous joints; cartilaginous; synovial
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what is a fibrous joints
Bones are held together by dense connective tissue (suture, syndesmoses & interosseous membranes)
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what is a cartilaginous joint
Bones held together by cartridge (synchondroses & symphyses)
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what is synovial joint
Bones forming joint have synovial cavity united by dense connective tissue
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what is the structure synovial joint
joint capsule; synovial membrane; joint (synovial) cavity
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what makes the joint capsules in synovial joint
fibrous connective tissue; Tendons and ligaments; Nerves, blood and lymph vessels
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what makes the synovial membrane in synovial joint
Loose fibrous connective tissue; Many blood vessels – good repair
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types of synovial joints
Plane - e.g. carpal joints; Hinge – e.g. elbow & knee; Pivot – e.g. atlantoaxial joint; Condyloid - e.g. wrist; Saddle e.g. carpometacarpal joint; Ball and socket e.g. hip
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what is the synovial fluid
Lubricates joint and acts as a shock absorber; Synovial cells and leukocytes phagocytize debris and microbes
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where can you find Articular cartilage
synovial joint
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what is the function of Articular cartilage
Reduce friction; Distribute force
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what are the similarities between Ligament and Tendons
both made up of connective tissue
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what are the difference between Ligament and Tendons
Ligaments – Join BONE to bone; Tendons – Join MUSCLE to bone
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what is Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
Inherited; defect in collagen synthesis; Osteopenia and brittle bones; Often defective tooth formation, blue sclera and faulty hearing
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what is Osteoporosis (porous bone)
Most common metabolic bone disease; Can be attributed to genetics, diet or hormones
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what is Idiopathic osteoporosis
Bone loss; identifiable cause is SECONDARY osteoporosis; Bone tissue is mineralised normally, but over time the structural integrity of bone is lost and it becomes thinner and weaker, and more prone to fractures.
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what are the key features of Osteoporosis
bone fracture and the associated pain.
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WHO defines osteoporosis by bone density
Normal bone > 833 mg/cm2; Osteopenia 833 to 648 mg/cm2; Osteoporosis < 648 mg/cm2
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how can osteoporosis generalised
involving major portions of the axial skeleton
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how can osteoporosis regional
involving one segment of the appendicular skeleton
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why is it key to constantly remodel osteoporosis (part 1)
Teens bone is laid down than reabsorbed; Peak bone mass or maximum density reached at around 30y; After 30, bone is reabsorbed faster than it is laid down (loss of about 0.7% /year); women, bone loss is most rapid in 1st year after menopause & cont
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why is it key to constantly remodel osteoporosis (part 2)
Men lose bone density, but takes longer. By age 90 about 17% of males have had a hip fracture, vs. 32 % of females; common in Caucasians; African Americans have about half the fracture rates of Caucasians (higher peak bone mass)
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what is the risk factors of osteoporosis
Family history Increased age Female sex Early menopause (natural or surgical) Weight below a healthy range Low dietary calcium and vitamin D Sedentary life style Smoker Excessive alcohol consumption; Liver, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
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what is Clinical manifestations of osteoporosis
Often progresses silently for decades until fracture occurs; Bones can fracture spontaneously; Most severe in spine, wrist and hips; Pain and bone deformity; Kyphosis caused by vertebral collapse; Fractures of long bones
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what is the treatment osteoporosis
No known cure; Slow bone loss and promote bone deposition; Calcium and vitamin D supplements; Nasal or subcutaneous calcitonin; Biophosphates – inhibit osteoclasts; Hormone replacement therapy; PREVENTION
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what is the prevention osteoporosis
Intake of calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and possibly boron; Regular, weight-bearing exercise; Avoid tobacco; No alcoholism; Hormone replacement? Parathyroid hormone?
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what is similarities between Rickets and Osteomalacia
Inadequate mineral deposition in essentially normal organic matrix; Softened bone; Subject to malformation and distortion –pain
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what is rickets
Dietary vitamin D deficiency causes inadequate mineralisation of the developing skeleton in infants and children; Rarely seen in Western nations; Bones are soft and easily deformed; Tendency to fractures; Therapy: supply vitamin D and calcium
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what is Osteoarthritis
common joint disease in UK; Min inflammatory component; Absence of synovial membrane inflammation; Lack of systemic signs and symptoms; Normal synovial fluid; Much of the pain and loss of mobility associated with aging
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what causes Osteoarthritis
Incidence increases with age; women more severely affected; Exceptional stress on joints: e.g. gymnasts; Malformed joint, obesity and postural defects; Genetic component; Torn ACL or meniscectomy
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what are the pathological characteristics of Osteoarthritis
Erosion of the articular cartilage; Formation of bone spurs or osteophytes
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Primary signs and symptoms of joint disease are:
Pain; Stiffness; Enlargement or swelling; Tenderness; Limited range of motion; Muscle wasting; Partial dislocation and deformity; Crepitus
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what is the evaluation of Osteoarthritis
Clinical assessment and radiologic studies, connective tissue scan, arthroscopy and MRI
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what is the treatment for Osteoarthritis
Analgesics & anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs); Injections of corticosteroids or sodium hyaluronate (to improve lubrication); motion exercises; Reduce aggravating factors; Weight loss; Use of cane, crutches, walker; Surgical removal of bone spur; replac
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what is Rheumatoid Arthritis
Systemic disease with prominent involvement of the joints
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Rheumatoid Arthritis characterised by
Inflammatory damage in synovial membrane or articular cartilage; Systemic inflammation (fever leukocytosis); Immune-mediated joint destruction; Systemic autoimmune disease =chronic inflammation of connective tissue; affects synovial membrane;
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what are the consequences of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Destroys and distorts joints; Reduces life expectancy; 1 – 2% of adult population; Women : men = 3:1; Onset usually in 20’s or 30’s; Seasonal variation – symptoms worse is winter
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what are the evaluation of Rheumatoid Arthritis
History; Physical examination; X-ray; Serologic tests for rheumatoid factor and circulating antigen-antibody complexes, esp. antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP); No cure
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what are the therapies for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Physical and emotional rest; Relieve pain and swelling and retain as much joint function as possible; Resting the joint, or binding or splinting; Use of hot and cold packs; Omega-3 fatty acids; Strengthening of associated muscles
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what are the drug therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
NSAIDS; Methotrexate; Antimalarial drugs and immunosuppression
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what are the surgeries for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Synovectomy; Joint replacement; Joint fusion
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what are the types of muscle
Skeletal muscle(> 600 muscles in body); Cardiac muscle; Smooth muscle
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what are the type of contraction (iso)
isotonic, isometric; isokinetic
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what is isotonic contraction
Cause the muscle to change length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part
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what are the type of isotonic contraction
Eccentric – lengthening; Concentric – shortening
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what is isometric contraction
No change in the length of the contracting muscle
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what is isokinetic contraction
Muscle changes length during the contraction, isokinetic contractions produce movements of a constant speed.
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what are the type of muscle cell (sarco)
sarcolemma, sarcoplasm; sarcoplasmic reticulum
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what is sarcolemma - muscle cell
plasma membrane of muscle cell; motor end plate; transverse ( t- ) tubules
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what is sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores Ca2+
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what are the muscle proteins
Thick filaments (myosin); Thin filaments (actin); Troponin; Tropomyosin
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what is the sliding filament theory
myosin (thick) filaments of muscle fibers slide past the actin (thin) filaments during muscle contraction, while the two groups of filaments remain at relatively constant length
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Card 4

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Card 5

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