Human anatomy and physiology - Immune System

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 09-04-20 14:28
what is immunity
Body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells
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what does the The Lymphatic System consists of
Fluid called lymph; Lymphatic vessels that transport the lymph; Lymph nodes; A number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue; Red bone marrow
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what si the function of the The Lymphatic System
Drains excess interstitial fluid; Transports dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins; Helps to carry out immune response
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how does the The Lymphatic System transport lymph system
Skeletal muscles produce a milking action that compresses lymphatic vessels (as well as veins) which forces the movement of lymph
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what is the immune system NOT
an organ system; (it is a functional system)
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what does the The immune System consists of
Skin – physical barrier; Lining of mucus membranes – physical barrier; Secretions – tears, mucus etc - antimicrobial; Blood cells and vasculature – WBCs; Bone marrow; Liver – makes complement proteins; Lymphatic system and lymphoid organs; tissues
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what kind of activities does the immune system do
Defense against pathogens; Removal of 'worn-out' cells (e.g., old RBCs) & tissue debris (e.g., from injury or disease); Identification & destruction of abnormal or mutant cells; Rejection of 'foreign' cells (e.g., organ transplant)
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what kind of Inappropriate activities does the immune system do
Allergies - response to normally harmless substances; Autoimmune diseases
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what are the 2 divisions of the immune system
1) INNATE (non-specific) - 1st line of defence 2) ADAPTIVE/ACQUIRED (specific) = 2nd line
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what are the 2 division of innate immunity
external defences and internal
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what are the types of external defences in the innate immunity
skin; mucous; membrane
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what are the types of internal defences in the innate immunity
phagocyte cell; antimicrobial proteins; inflammatory response; natural killer cells;
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what are the types of adaptive/ acquired immunity
humoral (antibodies) response; cell mediated (cytoxic lymphocytes)
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what the difference between innate and adaptive/acquired immunity
I) rapid response to broad range of microbes; no time lag; no memory A) slower response to specific microbes; antigen specific
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what are the mechanical factors of anatomical barriers
skin; mucociliary escalator; Flushing action of saliva, tears, urine
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what are the chemical factors of anatomical barriers
antimicrobial/ peptide in sweat; HCl in stomach; lysozome in saliva and tears
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what are the biological factors of anatomical barriers
normal flora
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what is normal flora
Microbes in many parts of the body; > 1000 species of bacteria; competes with pathogens for nutrients and space
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what are the components of blood
55% plasma; 45% red blood cell (RBC)
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what are the components of plasma in the blood (extracellular)
complement proteins; coagulation protein; cytokines
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what are the types of lymphocytes
B; T; natural killer (NK(
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what is a monocyte
a macrophage
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what is a basophil
a mast cell
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what is a neutrophil
First WBC to arrive at site of infection
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what is pus
Mostly made up of dead neutrophils
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How do neutrophils eat, digest microbes and trigger inflammatory response
chemotaxis & adherence of microbe to phagocyte; ingestion of microbe; formation of phagosome; phagolysosome formed; digestion of ingested microbe by enzyme; residual body formed; waste discharges
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what does residual body contain
indigested material
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how do monocyte become macrophage
it migrates into the tissue
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what is a macrophage
Phagocytosis of microbes in tissue; antigen presentation
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what is a natural killer cell (NK)
Kill virus /bacteria infected cells (Intracellular pathogens); Kills cancer cells
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what do the natural killer NK cells need to differentiate to choose the cells to kill?
Uninfected cell VS Normal cell; Microbe infected cell VS cancer cell; some cells surface proteins are missing
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how does the natural killer cell (NK) kill
NK recognises MHC on a healthy cell so WON'T kill it; but if it doesn't recognise than release of granules with perforins and proteases; Kills both host cells and microbes
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what is a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
The antigen presented on the surface
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what is a Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Transmembrane proteins; Present on macrophages / few other cells; Important part of innate immune system
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what do Toll-like receptors (TLRs) do
Look out for microbes (or their components); They bind to the microbes (or their components); They trigger a cascade of events to kill or protect against pathogens
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what are the 4 outcomes that happen when Toll-like receptors (TLRs) bind to a microbe
inflammation; apoptosis of infected cell; secretion of cytokines/interferon; phagocytosis of infected cell
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what is the similarity between inflammation & secretion of cytokines/interferon (IFN)
it is an enhanced immune response
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what is the similarity between phagocytosis and apoptosis
they kill they infected cell
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what cell take part in the internal cellular defence when the external fail
Neutrophils; monocytes/ macrophage; NK cells; TLRs
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what are cytokines
Small proteins secreted by the cells of the immune system
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what do cytokines do
Affect the behaviour of other cells; Signalling molecules; Key players in innate and acquired immunity
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which cells release cytokines
Neutrophils- encounter a pathogen; Macrophages- encounter a pathogen; TLRs- bind to microbe/ components of a microbe; NK cells-encountering a microbe infected cell /tumour cell; Lymphocytes-when they are activated
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examples of cytokines
Interferons (IFN); Interleukins; Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
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what do Interferons (IFN) do
Warn the neighbouring cells that a virus is around
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how does Interferons (IFN) work
signalling proteins produced by virus infected monocytes and lymphocytes; Secrete proteins – Key anti-viral proteins; “Interfere” with virus replication
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what are Interleukins
Quickly synthesized and secreted in response to infection; not stored inside cells; modulates the behaviour of immune cells
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what secretes Interleukins
T-lymphocytes and macrophages
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What to interleukins do?
increase antibody production; activation of immune cells; inflammation; proliferation of immune cell
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what do Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) do
Killing cancer; fever; inflammation
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what is inflammation
Body responds to pathogens and irritants; Associated with swelling of tissue; Key player in innate immune response
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what caused inflammation
Neutrophils; monocytes/macrophages; NK cells; TLRs; coagulation proteins; complement protein; cytokines/inferons (IFN)
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Role of Inflammation in innate immunity
Initiation of phagocytosis- killing of pathogen; Limiting the spread of infection; Stimulate adaptive immune response; Initiate tissue repair
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what is chronic inflammation
Tissue damage/ destruction
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how does chronic inflammation occur
macrophages in the injured tissue. Macrophages release toxins including reactive oxygen species (ROS) that injure tissues
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properties separate adaptive from innate immunity
Specificity for particular foreign molecules (antigens) which also includes self from non-self molecules; Memory for most previously encountered antigens so that the second encounter prompts an even more rapid and vigorous response
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what is immunogen/antigen
Substance that elicits an immune response [i.e. a humoral (antibody response) or cell-mediated immune response]
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what is Epitope
The portion of an antigen that is recognized and bound by an antibody (Ab) or a T-cell receptor (TCR); antigenic determinant
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what is Immunocompetence
The ability to carry out adaptive immune response;Make several distinctive proteins that function as antigen receptors which recognise specific antigens
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the types of adaptive immunity
Cell mediated immunity; Antibody mediated immunity
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what is cell mediated immunity
T cells directly attack invading antigens
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what is Antibody mediated immunity
B cells transform into plasma cells which produce and secrete anti bodies
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what produces antibodies
plasma B lymphocytes
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what is an antibody
Possesses antigen binding sites; Composed of heavy and light polypeptide chains; immunoglobin
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what does an antibody do
Specifically bind a unique antigenic epitope (also called an antigenic determinant)
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what are the forms of antibody
soluble Ag (secreted into blood and tissue); membrane-bound Ag (found on the B-cell receptor, BCR)
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what is the B cell receptor (BCR)
antibody on the surface of a B cell
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what is the function of an antibody
Neutralising antigen; Immobilising bacteria; Agglutinating and precipitating antigen; Activating complement; Enhancing Phagocytosis
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how does antibodies neutralise antigens
blocks or neutralises toxins and prevents attachment of viruses to cell bodies
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how does antibodies Immobilise bacteria
Binds to motile bacteria limiting their speed and movement
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how does antibodies ungulate and precipitate antigen
cross link pathogens to one another (clumping). Phagocytic cells ingest clumped pathogens
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how does antibodies activate complement
Activates complement system pathway
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how does antibodies enhance phagocytosis
Antibodies attract phagocytes
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