human anatomy and physiology - endocrine system

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  • Created by: aarafa11
  • Created on: 09-04-20 11:48
what is the endocrine system
Works together with the nervous system to ordinate functions of the body;acts via hormones to coordinate homeostasis; Also regulation of growth, development and reproduction
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how are the nervous system and endocrine linked
hypothalamus
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what is the difference between the endocrine and nervous system
endocrine is slower and more prolonged
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where to the exocrine gland Secrete their products
into ducts that carry the secretions into the body cavities, into the lumen of the organ or to the outer surface of the body
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what do exocrine gland secrete
sweat, salivary and mammary
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where do the endocrine gland Secrete their products
into interstitial fluid, which then diffuses into the blood which carries them to target cells around the body
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what do endocrine gland secrete
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal
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how does the endocrine glands work
All possess a rich blood supply; Secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into vascular system; Hormones have action on tissue distant from site of synthesis
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what secretes hormones
endocrine glands and specialised cells in other organs
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what are the most important glands that produce hormone
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pancreatic islets, gonads, placenta
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what organs/ system produces hormones
Cardiovascular system, kidney and GI tract
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what do the hypothalamus secrete
ADH; oxytocin; regulatory hormones
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what do the anterior pituitary glands secrete
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH
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what do the posterior pituitary gland secrete
oxytocin, entidiurectic (ADH)
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what do the thyroid gland secrete
thyroxine (T4); trilodothyronine (T3); calcitonin (CT)
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what do the thymus secrete
thymosis
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what does the thymus under during adulthood
atrophy
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what endocrine region does the adrenal glands have
medulla; cortex
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what do the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete
epinephrine (E); norepinephrine (NE)
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what do the cortex of the adrenal glands secrete
cortisol; corticosterone; aldosterone; androgens
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what do the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
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what do the parathyroid gland secrete
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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where does the parathyroid gland secrete hormone
on the posterior surface of the gland
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what do the heart secrete
atrial natriureptic peptide (ANP)
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what do the kidney secrete
erythropoitin (EPO); calcitriol
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what do the pancreatic islets secrete
insulin; glucagon
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what do the male gonads secrete (testes)
androgens (mainly testosterone); inhibln
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what do the female gonads secrete (ovaries)
estrogens; progestlnsl inhibln
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what are the Hormone structures of the endocrine glands based on
the amino acid/ polypeptide model; steroid model
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what do the endocrine glands do
Control is by feedback mechanism
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facts about endocrine glands
usually biosynthesised locally; biodegraded in the liver
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what are the classification of hormones chemical structure
lipid soluble; water soluble
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what are the types lipid soluble hormones
Steroid hormones; Thyroid hormones; Nitric oxide
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what are the types water soluble hormones
Amine hormones; Peptide hormones; Eicosanoid hormones
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what are steroid hormones derived from
cholesterol
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what are the examples of steroid hormones
estrogen, aldosterone, testosterone and cortisol
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what are the examples of thyroid hormones
T3; T4
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what is a nitric oxide
hormone; neurotransmitter
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what are amine hormones derived from
decarboxylation of amino acids
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what are the examples of amine hormones
melatonin and adrenaline
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what are peptide hormones
Protein hormones - amino acid polymers
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what are the examples of peptide hormones
calcitonin, leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon
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what are eicosanoid hormones derived from
fatty acids
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what are the examples of eicosanoid hormones
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, prostacyclin, specialised pro-resolvin lipid mediators
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Specificity of hormone action determined by
the presence of receptors
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an examples of the specific hormones determined by receptors
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) binds to receptors on the thyroid gland but cannot binds elsewhere as there are no other receptors
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what is a hormones cellular response determined by
by genetic programming of cell; (Same hormone may have different actions on different tissues)
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what constantly happens to hormone receptors
constantly being synthesised and broken down
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what happens If a hormone is present in excess
the number of target cells receptor can decrease; get down by regulation
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example of an exces of hormone
cells of the testes exposed to high concentrations of luteinising hormone (LH) the number of receptors decrease making the target cells less sensitive to that hormone
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how is Immediate stimulus for hormone secretion controled
Neural, hormonal or change in blood levels of metabolite or electrolyte
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Secretion rates usually influenced by
negative feedback mechanism
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how can secretion rates be controled
Increased blood levels inhibit further secretion
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facts about pituitary gland
1 - 1.5 cm diameter; each gland has it own 2 part
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what 2 part does each pituitary gland have
Embryologically distinct; Histologically distinct
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what is important about the 2 parts of the pituitary gland
Functionally independent; Separately controlled
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another name for anterior pituitary
Adenohypohysis
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another name for posterior pituitary
Neurohypophysis
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what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary
glandular secretory tissue
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what kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary
neural tissue that stores hormones produced in hypothalamus
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what are the Two types of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary
Vascular connection = hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal circulation; Nervous connection = hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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what is important about the hypothalamus
receives signals from almost all sources in the nervous system; Acts as a collecting centre and control secretion of pituitary glands
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what is acromegaly
Pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone; excess production is due to a benign tumour
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what does oxytocin stimulate
smooth muscle; specifically of uterine and mammary gland muscle
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what does antidiurectic hormone stimulate
water retention and maintenance of blood pressure
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what do (Anterior Pituitary) growth hormone and prolactin do
Act directly on target tissues
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what do prolactine do (Anterior Pituitary)
Stimulates milk production and influences gonadal function and sexual behaviour
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what do Melanocyte Stimulating hormone (MSH) do [Anterior Pituitary]
increase melanin synthesis
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what do thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) do [Anterior Pituitary]
Stimulates secretion of thyroxin from thyroid
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what do Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) do [Anterior Pituitary]
Stimulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex
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what do Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Gonadotrophins; Control gonadal function
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what type of cell is insulin
B (beta) cells
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what type of cell is glucagon
A (alpha) cell
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what type of cell is somatostatin
D (delta) cell
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what is inactive insulin stored as
prohormone, proinsulin
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how is insulin stored as prohormone or proinsulin
Converted to insulin by cleavage of connecting peptide to form two peptide chains
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what happens when plasma glucose increase
Glucose enters -cells via GLUT-2 and phosphorylated; Causes release of Ca2+ triggering exocytosis
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what happens when theres an elevated glucose levels
Glucose uptake by (alpha)-cells insulin dependent; Reduced [insulin] enhances glucagon secretion;
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what is insulin resistance
failure of target organs to respond normally to the action of insulin; Cells, particularly those in the muscle, fat and liver fail to take up and utilise glucose
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what influences insulin resistance
genetics, age, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and other comorbidities
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what is Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT)
determines utilised carbohydrate; Fast glucose in measured; Loading dose of glucose is given; Blood glucose measured at regular interval following glucose ingestion
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Card 2

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how are the nervous system and endocrine linked

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hypothalamus

Card 3

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what is the difference between the endocrine and nervous system

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Card 4

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where to the exocrine gland Secrete their products

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Card 5

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what do exocrine gland secrete

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