What are the four chambers of the heart and their anatomical positioning?
Right atrium (lateral right), right ventricle (anterior), left ventricle (lateral left), left atrium (posterior)
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Apex
The base of the left ventricle.
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Auricles
Increase the capacity of the atria and therefore allow more blood in.
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Mitral Valve
Has two cusps and is present in the left ventricle and the pulmonary veins.
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Aortic Valve
Has three cusps and is present in the left ventricle and the aorta.
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Pulmonary Valve
Has three cusps and is present in the pulmonary trunk and the right ventricle.
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Tricuspid Valve
Has three cusps and is present in the right ventricle and the vena cava.
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Papillary muscles
Contract to pull the valves closed to prevent backflow during ventricular contraction.
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Chordae Tendinae
Attach the papillary muscles to the valves.
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Where does the blood supply of the heart wall come from?
The left and right coronary arteries and their respective branches.
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Cardiac Veins
Drain blood from the heart and empty into the coronary sinus which feeds into the right atrium, large and wrap around the apex of the heart.
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Coronary arteries and the cardiac veins lie together in...
The atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus and the intraventricular sulcus of the heart wall.
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Coronary Sulcus
Where the right coronary artery and the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery meet and join together, between the right atrium and right ventricle.
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Coronary Arteries
Small and branch off, lying on top of their respective ventricles.
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Spinal Cord Segments T1-T4 and CNX
Supply the heart and the coronary arteries with autonomic motor fibres via the cardiac plexus at the bifurcation of the trachea.
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Vagus Nerve
Parasympathetic
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Spinal Cord
Sympathetic
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Afferent Nerves
Sympathetic fibres which travel from the heart to the spinal cord T1-T4.
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Motor Fibres
Influence nodes that generate electrical impulses.
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Purkinje Cells
Form the sino-atrial (SA) node and the atrioventricular (AV) node.
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SA Node
Lies in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava, initiates an impulse causing muscle fibres around the area to contract and spreads the impulse to the AV node.
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AV Node
Located in the posteroinferior region of the interatrial septum, impulse from the SA node is distributed to the walls of the ventricles and the papillary muscles.
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Pulmonary Trunk
Takes deoxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs.
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Pulmonary Veins
Take oxygenated blood into the left atrium from the lungs.
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Aorta
An artery which carries oxygenated blood from the heart around the body, branches in the thorax, the brachiocephalic trunk on the right hand side, to supply the head, neck and upper limbs.
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Superior Vena Cava
Drains blood from the head, neck and upper limb, main tributaries are the left and right brachiocephalic veins.
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Inferior Vena Cava
Drains blood from the abdomen, pelvis and lower limb, main tributaries are the left and right common iliac veins.
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