How to develop perception

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Where do we gain information from?
Parallax
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What does binocular parallax refer to?
The discrepancy in information received by each eye
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What happens when we focus on objects?
The two parallax better the two eyes is great
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WHat is the motion parallax?
apparant movement of one object relative to another as we move past them where closer objects seem to shift more rapidly than distant object
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For example?
when traveling by car, the street lamps seem to speed by whereas we seem to pass distant mountains rather slowly. In short, we have several different mechanisms for apprehending distance, and in doing so we thus understand that objects are not small
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What is this called?
capacity for size constancy
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What is shape constancy?
Which shows that our brains are equipped to take our brains are equipped to take our own movement into account
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What does the brain take into account?
our body movement, and works out the implications for this in terms of the images moving across our retina. The brain works out whether the movement of the retinal image is just due to our own movement, the object movement
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What did Gibson and Walk's study suggest?
The youngest babies selected for participation were about 8 months, for the simple reason that younger babies were unable to crawl. Basically, the fi ndings were that babies crawled to the mother across the shallow side, but not the deep side
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What does this demonstrate?
8 months old perceive depth
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What did Gibson and Walk suggest?
depth perception did depend on learning and experience, then it would probably be related with the baby’s crawling.
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Howeverm what is a negative?
They were suffi ciently mobile to be able to take part in the study, but they had only very limited experience of moving under their own volition
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What did Campos, Bethenthal and Kermoian suggest?
Babies aged around 7 months were divided into those who were just beginning to crawl and those who had not yet started to crawl. Even though both groups were the same age, they reacted differently when lowered over the deep side of the visual cliff
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What happened to those who started to crawl and those who didnt?
Those who had started to crawl exhibited a fear response, as marked by accelerated heart rate. Those who had not started to crawl responded with heart deceleration, which suggests they noticed the deep side but were not anxious.
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What did Bower suggest?
He placed a 30 cm cube one meter from the infants. The babies were offered a pacifi er wired to a sensor that detected sucking. If they sucked when the cube was present, they were rewarded by an adult popping up and saying “peekaboo.
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What did the Peekaboo experience show for a guy?
The peekaboo experience excited the babies, and they continued sucking in search of the pleasurable experience. However, sucking only brought about a peekaboo when the cube was present and babies thus learned that it was useless sucking:cube absent
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What did Bower present?
variety of cubes of different sizes and distances, and noted which combination elicited most sucking.
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When was the greater sucking found?
the sucking was at least as great as that elicited from a larger cube at greater distance that produced the same size of retinal image as the original.
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When was the least sucking found?
, a cube of different size from the original, situated at a distance that resulted in a different retinal size
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Therefore what is suggested?
Babies recognised this as being the original cube presented to them during the peekaboo game
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What did Newborns prefer to look at?
new cube than the old one, no matter how near or distant, and therefore no matter what the retinal size of each
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What does this demonstrate?
unequivocally that size constancy, and therefore an aspect of depth perception, is innate and functioning from the outset
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What did Fantz find?
1 month year old babies prefer to look at correctly arranged faces
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What did 1-2 month year olds fixate on?
The eyes of a photograph
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What did Bower suggest?
A crude mask is enough to elicit a baby's smile
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What did Carpenter suggest?
2 week old babies recognise and prefer their mothers face
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What could this be?
Evolutionary value
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What did Meltzoff and Moore do?
imitation in 1 month old infants
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What did Slater et al find?
Preference for new set of lines iirespective of the orientation of the orignial lines, memory for objects regardless of position in space
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What did babies tend to look at?
the physically larger novel cube
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What can an infant perceive?
source of food in space, then, providing she is mobile, she is unlikely to go hungry. In addition to these general considerations, there is a much more specifi c benefi t to being able to perceive depth from the moment the infant is born
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What did Kellman and Spelke present?
3-month-old babies with the stimulus shown in the top part of the fi gure below. The fi gure shows an oblique white bar laid over a black bar.
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However, the stimulus was not static but?
white bar moved slightly back and forth, reinforcing the impression that it was not a part of the black bar but that it was in front of, and therefore occluding, part of the black bar.
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What did 3 month babies prefer?
the broken bar, for they spent much more time looking at it, suggesting in turn that it was novel to them: Remember, babies generally prefer to look at novel things.
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What would people argue though?
look at the broken bar in Phase 2 not because they interpreted it as novel but because they found the broken bar inherently more interesting.
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What did Kellman and Spelke do to prove this criticism wrong?
took appropriate steps by including a control condition in which babies were shown the two stimuli at the bottom part of the fi gure above but in the absence of Phase 1.
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What would happen if babies looked at the broken bar?
it was more interesting, rather than because it was novel, they would still prefer to look at it even if they had not experienced Phase 1. In that case, both bars would be equally novel.
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What did they find?
there was no systematic preference for looking at the broken bar.
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Which suggests?
we are left with the theoretically more interesting possibility that babies did indeed relate to the broken bar as if it were novel, which in turn is consistent with the possibility that they construed the two bars in Phase 1
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From perceptual to conceptual?
2 cloths side by side in front of infant, hide rattle under clothe A, trial 1,2 and 3, baby pulls away cloth A to retreive rattle, trial 4: hide rattle on the right under cloth b, infant still pulls away cloth A, understand object previous movement
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What can perception be altered by?
Motor experiences
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What is it called when a baby copies facial expressions of an adult?
Inter-modal mapping
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does binocular parallax refer to?

Back

The discrepancy in information received by each eye

Card 3

Front

What happens when we focus on objects?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

WHat is the motion parallax?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

For example?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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