Homeostasis And Response
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- Created by: Eve Angus
- Created on: 09-12-18 18:42
Homeostasis
The regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment
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Control System
They regulate the internal environment
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Stimulus
A change in the environment e.g. sound, smell, touch
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Negative Feedback
The mechanism that restores the optimum level of a certain condition within the body
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Receptors
They detect a stimulus when the level of a condition is too low or too high
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Coordination Centre
They process the information and organise a response
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Effectors
They respond to counteract the change
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Central Nervous System
Where all the information from the receptors is sent and where reflexes are coordinated
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Sensory Neurones
Carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to relay neurones
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Relay Neurones
They are found in the CNS and carry electrical impulses from sensory neurones to motor neurones
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Motor Neurones
Carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors
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Synapse
The connection between two neurones that transfers a nerve signal by chemical diffusion
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Reflexes
Fast automatic responses to certain stimuli
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Reflex Arc
The passage of information in a reflex
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Reaction Time
How long it takes to respond to a stimulus
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Reaction Time - Required Practical
Testing the reaction time using the ruler drop test and then comparing the means with a reaction time that has been effected by a drug e.g. caffeine
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The Brain
It is part of the CNS that is made up of billions of interconnected neurones and is in charge of our complex behaviours
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Cerebral Cortex
The outer wrinkly layer of the brain and is responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory and language
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Medulla
The base of the brain at the top of the spinal chord and is responsible for unconscious activities like breathing and your heartbeat
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Cerebellum
The back of the brain and is responsible for muscle coordination
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MRI Scans
A magnetic resonance imaging scanner that locates active areas of the brain
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Sclera
The tough supporting wall of the eye
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Cornea
The transparent outer layer that refracts the light
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Pupil
The hole in the centre of the eye through which light entres
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Iris
Contains muscles and ligaments to control the diameter of the pupil and therefore how much light enters the pupil
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Retina
The layer at the back of the eye that contains two light receptors: sensitive to light intensity and sensitive to colour
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Lens
Focuses the light onto the retina
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Ciliary Muscles & Suspensory Ligaments
Control the shape of the lens
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Optic Nerve
Carries impulses from the receptors to the brain
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Iris Reflex - Dim Light
When light receptors detect very dim light a reflex is triggered that makes the pupil bigger
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Iris Reflex - Bright Light
When light receptors detect very bright light a reflex is triggered that makes the pupil smaller
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Accommodation
When the eye focuses light on the retina by changing the shape of the lens to look at near and distant objects
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Accommodation - Near Objects
Where the muscles contract and the ligaments relax to increase the size of the lens and to increase the amount of refracted light
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Accommodation - Distant Objects
Where the muscles relax and the ligaments contract to decrease the size of the lens and decrease the amount of refracted light
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Hyperopia (Long-sighted)
The images of nearby images are brought into focus behind the retina e.g. using glasses with a convex lens
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Myopia (Short-sighted)
The images of distant images are brought into focus in front of the retina e.g. using glasses with a concave lens
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Contact Lenses
Thin lenses that sit on the surface of the eye and are shaped to compensate for the fault in focusing
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Laser Eye Surgery
A laser can be used to vaporise tissue, changing the shape of the cornea
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Replacement Lens Surgery
When the natural lens of the eye is removed and an artificial lens, made of clear plastic, is inserted in its place
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Electric Stimulants
Stimulating the brain electrically by pushing tiny electrodes into the tissue and giving it a small amount of electricity
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Thermoregulatory Centre
A part of the brain that receives information about the body's temperature from receptors
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Vasodilation
The dilation of blood vessels to increase the amount of blood flow
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Vasoconstriction
The constriction of blood vessels to decrease the amount of blood flow
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Hormones
Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate cells
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The Pituitary Gland
Produces many hormones that regulate body conditions
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The Pancreas
Produces insulin that regulates the blood glucose level
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The Thyroid
Produces thyroxine that regulates things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature
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The Adrenal Glands
Produces adrenaline that prepares the body to "fight or flight"
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The Ovaries
Produces oestrogen that is involved in the menstrual cycle
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The Testes
Produces testosterone that controls puberty and sperm production
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Insulin
A hormone produced by the pancreas that decreases blood glucose level when it gets too high
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Glucagon
A hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels
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Type 1 Diabetes
A condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin
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Type 2 Diabetes
A condition where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin
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Filtration
Where substances are filtered out of the blood as they pass through the kidneys
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Selective Reabsorbtion
Where useful substances are absorbed back into the blood
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Urea
When ammonia that is toxic to the body is converted into urea to be removed in the urine
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Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
A hormone that is released into the bloodstream by the pituitary gland to control the permeability of kidney tubules which absorb water
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Puberty
When your body starts to release sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics
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The Menstrual Cycle
A monthly sequence of events where the ovaries release an egg and prepares the uterus for a potential fertilised egg
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Produced in the pituitary gland and causes an egg to mature and stimulates the production of oestrogen
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Oestrogen
Produced in the ovaries and causes the lining of the uterus to grow and stimulates the release of LH and inhibits the release of FSH
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Luteinising Hormone (LH)
Produced in the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of an egg at day 14
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Progesterone
Produced in the ovaries and maintains the lining of the uterus and inhibits the release of LH and FSH
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Contraceptives - Oestrogen
Regular intake can keep the levels of oestrogen high and prevent the release of FSH which will prevent eggs maturing and being released
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Contraceptives - Progesterone
Stimulates the production of a thick cervical mucus which prevents any sperm reaching an egg
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Condoms
They are worn over the penis during intercourse to prevent the sperm entering the vagina
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A diaphragm
A shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix to form a barrier
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Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
A T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent the implantation of a fertilised egg
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Sterilisation
A permanent procedure where the fallopian tubes are cut or tied together
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In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
A process where eggs are taken out of the uterus, fertilised and grown in laboratory conditions and then inserted back into the uterus where they develop to improve the chances of having a child
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Thyroxine
A hormone produced in the thyroid gland that regulates the metabolic rate and stimulates protein synthesis and is released in response to TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Produced in the pituitary gland and is released dependant on the levels of thyroxine in the blood
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Adrenaline
Produced in the adrenal glands and is released in response to stressful or scary situations so it can increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells
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Auxin
A plant hormone that is produced near the tips of shoots and rootsand moves back to stimulate the cell elongation process
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Phototropism
Plant growth in response to light: grows away from the light
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Geotropism
Plant growth in response to gravity: roots grows towards the direction on gravity and shoots grow away from the direction of gravity
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Auxins - Weedkillers
They only affect certain plants by disrupting their growth and killing them
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Auxins - Rooting Powder
Adding rooting powder to plant cuttings makes them produce roots rapidly and start growing as new plants
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Gibberellins
A plant hormone that stimulates seed germination, stem growth and flowering
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Gibberellins - Dormancy
Lots of seeds won't germinate until they've been through certain conditions but treated with gibberellins make them germinate without changing their environment
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Gibberellins - Inducing Flowering
Certain plants require certain conditions but treated with gibberellins with make them flower without any change to their environment
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Gibberellins - Larger Fruit
Seedless fruit often don't grow as large as seeded fruit but if gibberellins are added they will grow larger
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Ethene
A gas produced by ageing parts of a plant and influences the growth of the plant by controlling cell division
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Ethene - Ripening
It speeds up the ripening of the fruit so the fruit can be picked while still unripe
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
They regulate the internal environment
Back
Control System
Card 3
Front
A change in the environment e.g. sound, smell, touch
Back
Card 4
Front
The mechanism that restores the optimum level of a certain condition within the body
Back
Card 5
Front
They detect a stimulus when the level of a condition is too low or too high
Back
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