Hospital nurses numbered 23,000 - VADs supported those nurses - 38,000 women volunteered during the war - FANYs helped at the front line - VADs and FANYs tended to be middle and upper class women
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WWI and the status of women in society
Significant but can be overstated - Women granted vote in 1918 - Only women over 30 could vote for several years - Role in labour force increased - Many forced out of jobs after war - Pay only half of men's
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Reactions to women's employment
Often negative - Male workers and unions resisted female workers - "Dangerous and unwise" to employ women in certain professions - women's participation agreed when promised they would leave work after war - Resistance not always down to sexism
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Women and work during WWI
Need for men increased need for women labourers - More women employed in railway - Employed in areas not for women - 950,000 employed in munitions - Workers in danger from chemicals
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Impact of the war on workers
Agreed not to strike during war - Wage increases authorised by government - Government directed workers to certain jobs - Workers couldn't leave job without permission - Workers could not refuse over time
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Treatment of CO's
Tribunals established to hear CO cases - NCC allowed CO's to do non-fighting work - CO's allowed complete exemption through Second Military Act - Tribunals harsh towards CO's - Negative view from public - CO's given white flag, symbol of cowardice
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Conscientious Objectors
Refused to fight - Chose not to because of religion, conscience or political belief - NCF helped CO's - NCF campaigned against conscription - NCF monitored treatment of CO's - CO message promoted through tribunal newspapers
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Support and opposition to the war
Patriotism showed support - Newspapers and political parties pro-war - Trade unions assisted war - Oppositions displayed in 1917 - Strikes rise in 1916 - Workers lost support for war - 5.9 million days lost through strike action
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Recruitment problems and solutions
Kitchener needed 1 million men - 500,000 more recruited by Sep 1914 - Another million by Nov 1914 - Many men pressured to enlist - Derby Scheme enticed men to enlist - Derby Scheme failed - Single men conscripted in Jan 1916 - Extended to married men
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DORA and Government control
DORA: Introduced in Aug 1914; Government given powers over society; Press censored - Rationing: GB heavily dependent on imports; Compulsory rationing in 1918 - Control of Alcohol: Watered down; Price increased heavily; Restricted in certain areas
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The role of the Cinema
War films extremely popular throughout GB - Newsreel footage gave cinema audiences
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Anti German Feeling
John Bull stirred up German hate - German businesses attacked - Attacks intensified after passenger liner was sunk - Germans depicted as barbaric - German atrocities beefed up in media - Execution of Edith Cavell enraged Britons
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The press, propaganda and censorship
Propaganda vital to maintain public support - Newspapers happy to help - Secret propaganda set up - Stories influenced by foreign office - Press stories censored - MPs complained about lack of reliable reports
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Significant but can be overstated - Women granted vote in 1918 - Only women over 30 could vote for several years - Role in labour force increased - Many forced out of jobs after war - Pay only half of men's
Back
WWI and the status of women in society
Card 3
Front
Often negative - Male workers and unions resisted female workers - "Dangerous and unwise" to employ women in certain professions - women's participation agreed when promised they would leave work after war - Resistance not always down to sexism
Back
Card 4
Front
Need for men increased need for women labourers - More women employed in railway - Employed in areas not for women - 950,000 employed in munitions - Workers in danger from chemicals
Back
Card 5
Front
Agreed not to strike during war - Wage increases authorised by government - Government directed workers to certain jobs - Workers couldn't leave job without permission - Workers could not refuse over time
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