History - WIDER WORLD 1945 - 2000

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What is meant by the term 'Cold War'?
State of hostility between the USA and USSR and their allies without actual fighting.
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The four main reasons for the cold war were:
Capitalism Vs Communism. Satellite states. Truman distrusted Stalin. Potsdam.
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Explain the USA's Policy of 'Containment'.
Using US influence and miltiary resources to prevent the expansion of communism.
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What was the Truman Doctrine? What did it involve? When was it introduced?
It was introduced in 1947. Offered help to any government threatened by 'internal or external forces' in the hope of containing communism. TURNING POINT, the US foreign policy, now being proactive in other countries.
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What was the Marshall Plan? When? Why?
1947. Economic aid to Europe. $13 billion to countries recovering from the effects of war. TRuman believed that countrues with a strong economy would be able to repell communism. Stalin refused Soviet satellite states to accept Marshall aid.
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What was the domino theory?
The belief that if one country fell into communism this would trigger the fall for neighbouring countries.
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Why did Stalin between West Berlin and West Germany?
He was worried that West Berlin would become a wealthy capitalist base within communist Eastern Europe.
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When did Stalin cut off all links between West Berlin and West Germany?
24th June 1948.
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How long did America Airlift in supplies to the West for?
Between June 1948 and May 1949.
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What was the Warsaw Pact?
A military treaty and association, formed in 1955, of the USSR and its Satellite states.
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What was the Berlin Wall? Why did Khrushchev order it to be constructed?
Over 200,000 East Germans were defecting to the West every year. In August 1961 Khrushchev ordered its construction to stop these refugees defecting.
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In what year was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
1962.
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What were the causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro ejected US businesses. Bay of Pigs, April 1961. Khrushchev wanted to establish missile bases in Cuba, Castro agreed.
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How did President Kennedy discover the missile sites in construction.
October 14 - A US Spy plane flew over Cuba and took photos of the Soviet Missile sites in construction.
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How did Kennedy respond to the Missile sites?
20th October - Naval Blocade. 23rd Oct - Khrushchev sent letter saying Soviet ships would break through the blocade. 25th Oct Kennedy asked for withdrawal. 28th Oct Khrushchev agreed to withdraw if America promised not to invade Cuba.
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What were the results of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Leaders accused of playing Brinkmanship. Telephone Hotline between the Whitehouse and the Kremlin. 1963 Test ban treaty.
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Why did the USA become involved in Vietnam?
America believed that if South Vietnam fell to communism then so would neighbouring Laos and Combodia. Domino Theory.
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What was the Gold of Tonkin Incident? When did it occur?
August 1964: The US destroyer 'Maddox' was fired down by a Nort Vietnese Patrol boat. President Johnson used this as an excuse to send troops to aid South Vietnam.
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Explain the US methods of warfare in South Vietnam.
Operation Rolling Thunder. Chemical Warfare. High tech war. Increasing Troop numbers. 'Search and Destroy.'
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What is meant by the term 'Vietcong'?
A communist guerrilla force that attempted to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.
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What was 'Guerrilla' warfare?
Fighting in small groops against forces, using such methods as sabotage and sudden ambush. The Vietcong fought in this way.
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The main reasons for the US defeat in Vietnam were:
Inexperienced troops. Opposition from American public. Tet Offensive. Vietcong tactics. Opposition from USSR and China.
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What was Vietnamisation?
President Nixons policy to transfer the fighting of the war from American troops to those of South Vietnam.
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When did American troops leave Vietnam.
End of 1973, after a ceasefire was signed in Paris, followed by a peace treaty.
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What happened to Vietnam in 1975?
Communist forces had overrun south vietnam and North vietnam and South vietnam were reunited under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh.
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What was Detente?
An attempt to reduce the tension between the USA and the USSR.
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List the main reasons for detente:
Reduce nuclear war. Reduce arms cost. Brezchnev doctrine. USA hoped China and USSR could help negotiations with North Vietnam. USA wanted better relations with USSR and China.
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What was the Brezhnev doctrine?
A policy launched in 1968 which called for the use of Warsaw pact forces to intervene if any Eastern communist country attempted to rebel against the communist system.
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When and Why did president Nixon visit Moscow?
1972. To improve relations between the USA and the USSR.
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Explain SALT treaties:
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. Limited development of long range missiles etc.
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Explain SALT 1 and it's significance.
Signed in 1972. (SALT talks began in 1969) Was the first agreement between the superpowers to successfully limit the number of nuclear weapons they held.
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What were the Helsinki agreements?
1975. The USA and the USSR along with 33 other nations made declarations about international issues: Security, Human Rights (free speech, thought, religion), and Co-operation.
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What were the reasons for Americas Detente with China?
February 1972 Nixon became the first US president to visit China. Ping Pong diplomacy.
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Why was SALT II never signed?
Because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
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Explain the Strategic Defence Initiative.
President Raegan. Developing satellites with lasers that would destry soviet missiles. Turning point in the cold war because the USSR had no money left to fund defence spending.
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Why did Gorbachev becoming leader of the USSR change relations with USA?
Gorbachev came to power in 1985. Improved relations with the USA. Geneva Accord was set up.
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Explain the Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty.
December 1987. Washington. Both leaders agreed to destroy all medium and short range weapons in Europe in 3 years.
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When and where was the official end to the Cold war announced?
Washington - 1989. Bush Snr and Gorbachev met at Malta to announce the end of the cold war.
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What happened in the USSR in 1991?
Gorbachev resigned as leader and the USSR split up into a commonwealth of independant states.
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Explain US relations with Iran in the 1970s and 80s.
1979 - US backed Shah forced to abdicate. Iran fell under fundamentalist leader Ayatollah Khomeini. November 1979 - US embassy iin Tehran stormed by Iranian students, 66 americans taken hostage held of 444 days.
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Explain the US involvement in the Gulf War (1990-91)
Iraq captured Kuwait. US protected it's oil industries in Kuwait. The US, Britain and others sent troops to Protect Saudi Arabia.
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Explain operations Dessert Shield, Storm, Saber.
Shield = Forces sent to protect Saudi Arabia's oil. Storm = 1991 air assault against Iraq. Saber = Land forces began to liberate Kuwait.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The four main reasons for the cold war were:

Back

Capitalism Vs Communism. Satellite states. Truman distrusted Stalin. Potsdam.

Card 3

Front

Explain the USA's Policy of 'Containment'.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the Truman Doctrine? What did it involve? When was it introduced?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was the Marshall Plan? When? Why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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