Russia in Revolution, 1881-1924

?
what did the Statute of State security allow?
Government controlled courts; trial without jury
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When was the Okhrana formed?
1881
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What was the Zemstva?
Local town governing bodies
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When did Alexander 3rd introduce Russification
1890
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Russian famine and death toll?
1891-92; 1.5-2 million dead
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Who was Sergie Witte?
Minister of Finance, 1892-1903
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Key aims of Witte's reforms?
Increased taxing on peasantry; Loans obtained from France; Trans-Siberian Railway created; 11.5 hour working day
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Successes of Witte's reforms?
Coal and iron production increased 8%; 144 million roubles of investment; St. Petersburg population doubled in 15 years
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Failures of Witte's reforms?
industry was only 20% of national income; by 1914 Russia owed 8 billion roubles
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When did Nicholas 2nd come into power?
1894
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Nicholas' Beliefs?
Political repression; Tsarist autocracy; he had the DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE
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What party split in 1903? And to form what?
Social Democratic Party: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
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What political group was aimed to support the peasants?
Social Revolutionaries
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Details of Bloody Sunday?
Jan. 1905- led by a priest called father Gapon; 150,000 workers; campaigning for 8 hour working days.
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Consequences of Bloody Sunday?
200 people killed; 400,000 protested in Fed. 1905; Government concessions
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Causes of 1905 revolution?
Russo- Japanese defeats (Tsushima, May 1905); Bloody Sunday led to 2.7 million workers striking
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Consequences of 1905 revolution?
Establishment of a DUMA; October manifesto (freedom of speech)
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Why did the 1905 revolution fail?
The Tsar retained the loyalty of the armed forces so was able to repress any strikes; the opposition parties were divided and unorganized; opposition leaders were arrested (Trotsky)
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Who replaced Witte?
Stolypin
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Stolypin traits?
Frequently used the death penalty (3,000 in 3 years)
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When did Stolypin become PM?
1906
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Details of 1st Duma?
"Duma of Public Anger" April 1906; lasted just over 2 months; closed down for being too radical
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Details of 2nd Duma?
"Duma of the People's Wrath" Feb. 1907; passed Stolypin's agrarian reforms; closed down after 3 months for radical ideas
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Details of 3rd Duma?
"Duma of Lords and Lackeys" Nov. 1907; only the top 30% of wealthiest men could vote; more of stolypin's reforms were passed.
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When was Stolypin assassinated?
1911
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Details of 4th Duma?
Nov. 1912
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2 Impacts of Stolypin's reforms?
Peasants owning land increased by 30%; agricultural production increased by 15 million tonnes;
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Causes of February 1917 revolution?
The Tsar took over as Commander in Chief in 1915; leaving the Tsarina in charge in Petrograd; increased food shortages as result of the War.
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Triggers for February revolution?
Jan 1914- 140000 strikers in Petrograd for bloody sunday commemoration; Introduction of rationing; international Women's day. total of 200,00
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4 Consequences of the February revolution?
Peasants began to seize land; The Duma committee became the Provisional government; Russia was still fighting in the war; a power struggle emerged between the Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government.
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What was the main obstacle facing the Provisional Government?
They lacked the support of the mainly conscript army.
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Two main points of Lenin's April Theses?
'Peace, bread and land.' 'All power to the Soviets.'
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What was the June offensive and how did it aid the Bolsheviks?
An offensive organised by the Provisional Government on the Austro-Hungary army to try and raise morale; it aided the Bolsheviks as it was a failure! They did not collaborate with the PG and their support in the cities grew.
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July Days dates? dd/mm/yyyy
3rd-6th July 1917
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Causes of the July Days?
Failure of the June offensive; continued food shortages and economic struggle
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At the height of the protests, how many people surrounded the Marinsky Palace?
50,000
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How many Bolsheviks were arrested at the end of the July Days?
500
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What mistaken coup d'etat allowed the Bolsheviks to restore their position?
The Kornilov affair- General Kornilov attempted to march to Petrograd in support of the prime minister, Kerensky, however Kerensky mistook this an act of aggression and freed nearly 500 Bolshevik prisoners and armed them to defend Petrograd.
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What announcement caused the Bolsheviks to launch an aggressive takeover?
The Constituent Assembly elections
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What % of votes did the Bolsheviks receive and what % did their main rivals receive?
Bolsheviks- 24%; Social Revolutionaries- 40.4%
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Who lead the Bolshevik Red Army and what position did he hold within the Petrograd soviet?
Leon Trotsky- Military revolutionary committee
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What were the immediate problems facing Lenin when the Bolsheviks came into power?
The War with Germany; Peasants continued to seize land; Bolsheviks lacked support in the countryside; the Social Revolutionaries were the most popular candidates for the Constituent Assembly
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What decrees did Lenin pass in November 1917?
Decree on Land, Peace and a decree stating a new government had been formed
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What was the name of the Russian- German treaty?
Treaty of Brest-Livotsk
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What would Russia lose as a result of the treaty?
32% of arable land; 26% of it's railway system; 33% of it's factories; 75% of it's coal and iron ore mines; 60 million civillians
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Dates of the Russian Civil War?
May 1918- 1921
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Causes of the Civil War?
Other parties wished to remove the Communists from power; Others wanted the Tsar to return to power; Britain and France wanted Russia to stay in the War so supported the whites in hope they'd take control.
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What were the white force's weaknesses?
Geographical dislocation; lacking unified command; failed to co-ordinate attacks.
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What were the Red's strengths?
Trotsky used Tsarist officers who were more experienced; Trotsky's army held important railways, making it easier to transport troops and supplies.
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When was the last White army defeated, who was the leader and where were they defeated?
1920- General Wrangel; the Crimea
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What does NEP stand for and what did it replace?
New Economic Policy- replaced War Communism
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What was the main trigger for the switch the NEP
The Kronstadt Rebellion
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How did Lenin enforce NEP? How long did it take to end the rebellion? What happened to the protestors?
50,000 Red Army soldiers attacked the sailors; 3 weeks; executed or sent to GULAGS
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Impacts of NEP?
The 1921 Famine was ended; after 5 years agricultural rates were back to pre war levels; increased production lead to decreased profits for peasants; some communists saw the NEP as CAPITALISM (NEPmen)
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How did the Bolsheviks secure power?
All other political parties were banned; the Communist party fielded electorates for the Soviets; only communists newspapers such as PRAVADA, were allowed; the Cheka became the GPU; GULAGS were expanded
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When was the USSR established? (dd/mm/yyyy) What does USSR stand for?
29th Nov. 1922- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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Who tended to Lenin whilst he suffered from strokes? What was this party member's position?
Stalin- General Secretary
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How did this aid Stalin?
He was able to censor Lenin's outgoing decisions and incoming information
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What was Lenin's last act?
Lenin's testament
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

When was the Okhrana formed?

Back

1881

Card 3

Front

What was the Zemstva?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When did Alexander 3rd introduce Russification

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Russian famine and death toll?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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