History - Vietnam

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Who ruled Vietnam up until the beginning of WW2?
French Colonial Rule
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Who ruled Vietnam after the French?
The Japanese
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Why did the Japanese lose control?
They treated the Vietnamese badly leading to anti-Japanese resistance groups and Ho Chi Minh emerged
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When was the war between the Fench and the Viet Minh?
1945-1954
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Who was the leader of NV?
Ho Chi Minh
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What was Dien Bin Phu?
The French suffered a major defeat - 8000 French troops were killed - French surrendered
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When was Dien Bin Phu?
1954
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What was the Geneva Agreement?
Representations from around the world aimed to solve the problem in Veitnam - The Viet Minh wanted an early election thinking they would win due to beating the French - The USA, Britain and France delayed elections to give the Vietnamese people time
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What was the result of the Geneva Agreement?
Vietnam would 'temporarily' be divided into North and South - NV would be ruled by Ho Chi Minh ans SV by Diem - French troops would leave Vietnam - A general election would be held in July 1956
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Why was there opposition to Diem?
He rigged the July election in his favour - He was rich and Catholic compared to the Budhist Vietnam - He gave land to rich owners compared to Ho Chi Minh who gave it to poor farmers - He hunted down those who opposed him and executed them
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What were the Vietcong's aims?
To create a unified Vietnam (Communist)
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What was the Domino Theory? -American beliefs
If you let one country fall to Communism then other countries will fall
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What was the Truman Doctrine?
1947 - promised aid to any country that is fighting Communism
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What were similarities between Eisenhower and Kennedy?
They were both reluctant to to send men to Vietnam - They both backed Diem (Eisenhower with land reforms and Kennedy with Stategic Hamlets)
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What were the differences between Eisenhower and Kennedy?
Eisenhower backed Diem but Kennedy gave the go-ahead for his removal - Eisenhower used properganda for Vietnam but Kennedy kept the nuber of men a secret
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What were Strategic Hamlets?
Where 2/3 of Vietnamese 'lived'in small villages that were surrounded by walls
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Who took over as President after Kennedy's Assasination?
LBJ - Johnson - He believed in the Domino Theory
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What was the Ho Chi Minh Trail ?
A diverse set of routes that brought supplies from NV to the Viet Cong in SV
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When was the Gulf of Tonkin?
7th August 1964
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What was the Gulf of Tonkin?
A NV attack on American ships near a NV port
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What was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?
This gave the President power to take military action/or any military measure they thought was necessary to defend freedom in Sout East Asia
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What was Operation Rolling Thunder?
A series of bombings on NV with the aim to make NV give up
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When was Operation Rolling Thunder?
LBJ launched it in March 1965
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Was Operation Rolling Thunder effective?
No as NV continued fighting
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Facts about the Ho Chi Minh trail?
Sent weapons from NV, China, Russia to SV - Vietcong had a never ending supply - The trail went through Laos and Cambodia as they were supposed to be neutral - Started in 1959 - 1 million tons of supplies were sent down - Was to large to bomb
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What were the Vietcongs tactics?
Hid in tunnels under UN bases - They did not wear uniform making it hard to identify them - Booby traps - Guerilla Tactics (hiding in the jungle after a attack) - They won the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese
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How effective were the Vietcong tactics?
Booby traps:only about 28% effective as they injured not killed - Guerilla Tactics:very effective as they lowered Americans morale as they were being attacked constantly - Hearts and Minds: very effective as they hid the Vietcong
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What were the UN's tactics?
Napalm and Angent Orange - Bombing supply routes - Bombing North Vietnam - Search and Destroy - Win 'hearts and minds'
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What was Napalm and Agent Orange?
Napalm was a device that was dropped which is a sticky substance that burns and was aimed to kill crops and Vietcong - Agent Orange was sprayed over the jungle (a large weed killer) and destroyed Vietcong hiding places
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What were Search and Destroy missions?
Americans would search villages and if they found Vietcong soldiers they would destroy the village as a warning
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How effective were the UN's tactics? - Napalm,Agent Organge
Napalm:very as it created fear but effected many civillans whic was not the aim - Agent Orange:was effective at clearing the jungle but landed is soil/water leaving next generations with deformities
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How effective were the UN's tactics? - Bombing supply routes/NV, Search and Destroy
Bombing Supply Routes:Not that effective as the Ho Chi Minh trail was too vass - Killed and injured soldiers limiting those fighting - Search as Destroy was effective for scaring peasants but it did not scare the Vietcong
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When was the My Lai Massacre?
16th March 1968
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What was the My Lai Massacre?
Charli Company were ordered to do a 'Search and 'Destroy' Mission - They were told the village was full of VC or VC sympathisers - US troops attacked at 8am - They met no opposition and killed,***** and mutilated the villagers - 500 civillians killed
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When was the Tet Offensive?
30th January 1968 (Vietnamese New Year)
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What was the Tet Offensive?
84,000 Vietcong attacked bases and towns across SV including the US Embassy and Saigon
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What did the Tet Offensive prove?
That the VC had numbers and confidence - That what the American's had been told (that they were winning the war and in control) was a lie
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What was the American response to the Tet Offensive in Vietnam?
Quick and brutal - Gained back control quick - 50,000 citizens and 10,000 VC killed - A military defeat for the VC
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What was the American response to the Tet Offensive in America?
They were shocked as it was the first time they saw they were losing the war - They saw a Vietcong member being shot by a US General on TV
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What was the effect of the Tet Offensive?
VC lost 45-60,000 and the UN 1,500 - Americans were shocked - General Westmoreland resigns
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When did anti-war movement begin?
Post My Lai massacre and Tet Offensive - 1964
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What were the reasons for opposition to the war?
Anti War movement protests - Opposition to the Draft - Influence of veterans - Civil Rights Movement - Influence of the media
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What was Oppposition to the Draft?
Where those who were sent a draft letter ripped and burnt them in protests - Muhammed Ali was drafted and said 'I aint got not quarrel with those Vietcong, anyway they never called me a ******' he was fine $10,000
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Who was sent to Vietnam?
Working class men and Black Americans
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What was the influence of Veterans on the opposition to the war in Vietnam?
Veterans joine in the protests - Their brutal stories were very powerful - Some veterans gave back their medals to show their opposition - It was hard for the government to dismiss veterans'
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What was the VVAW?
The Vietnam Veterans Against the War - in April 1967 six veterans marched against the war in New York ans started the VVAW - By 1971 there were 30,000 members and protested giving back their medals impacting the media
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What was the effect of Civil Right Opposition?
Civil Rights Activist like Muhammed Ali and Martin Luther King supported those who refused to go to Vietnamm as it was unfair that prodomenantly black Americas were sent
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When was the Kent State Massacre?
May 4th 1970
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What was the Kent State Massacre?
Students were protesting against President Nixon and the war in Vietnam and the military ordered them to disperse - General Cantebury ordered his men to open fire killing 4
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What was the effect of the Kent State Massacre?
Shocked US public involving the closure of schools - The following weekend 10,000 people protested in Washington DC - Increased support for ending the war
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When was the invasion of Laos?
1970-71
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What was the invasion of Laos?
The USA backed the SV invasion in Laosto block the Ho Chi Minh trail - The USA provided bombing support
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What was vietnamization?
The gradual withdrawal of American troops in Vietnam to allow the SV to take over and take control of the war
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What did vietnamization include?
Immediatley he withdrew 25,000 troops - Provided equipment but removed ground troops - Bombing Cambodia it proved that America would 'walk away' from the war if Vietnam would agree a policy - Withdrew 1/2 million troops from June and September
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What did Nixon promise?
'peace with honor'
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What did the SV think of Vietnamization?
They thought it was a cover for the Americans to leave the war quickly, leaving the SV to fight alone
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What did Nixon do with China?
He went to China in 1972 and showed the media it went well - Ping pong also streangthened relations
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What was the Watergate Scandal?
The National Committee headquaters were broken into that revealed the abuses of power that Nixon had done
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When was the Watergate Scandal?
June 17th 1972 when several burglars were arrested at the office
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What was the impact of the Watergate Scandal?
It changed American politics - Nixon resigned
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What was the timeline for the end of the war?
Jan 1969:Peace talks begin - March 1969:Bombing raids in Cambodia begin - June 1969:Vietnamization - April 1970:Invasion of Cambodia provokes demonstrations - Feb 1982:Nixon visits China - May 1972:Nixon tries to improve relations in Russia .....
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When were peace talks agreed?
27th January 1973 (US forces left in March 1973)
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What was the impact of the war for America?
They spent $170 billion on the war - Money was paid to veterans and families who lost family members - 58,000 were killed and 30,000 injured
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who ruled Vietnam after the French?

Back

The Japanese

Card 3

Front

Why did the Japanese lose control?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was the war between the Fench and the Viet Minh?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who was the leader of NV?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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