History- the colonies and empire- immigration

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Why were European countries interested in Africa?
France, Germany and the USA had become powerful nation they had huge armies and navies and factories produced goods sold round the world. Until this Britain had been the worlds leading power in industry and trade- were now rivals.
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Why were European countries interested in Africa? #2
Explorers told of Africa's riches- gold. diamonds, ivory and cash crops like coffee, timber and rubber. If they could take over Africa they could take it's raw materials for themselves and sell some of them to people who lived there.
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Why were European countries interested in Africa? #3
Missionaries and other Europeans saw Africa as the 'dark continent' and they felt it was their role to 'enlighten' it
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The scramble begins
Leaders held a meeting in Berlin, Germany to decide which nation could take which areas with little regard for the wishes and needs of the Africans as well as the difference in race,language, culture and traditions.
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The British scramble
Britain took 16 huge areas of land including, Sudan, Nigeria, Kenya and Egypt. The British had claimed 32% of Africa
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African resistance
African people fought fiercely but lacked the proper weapons and only had spears and swords. Sometimes they won but mostly they suffered great loses and suffered hardship and hunger as their traditional way of life was destroyed .
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African resistance #2
Some Africans were forced to work as cheap labour growing tea, coffee, cotton or cocoa for export back to Britain
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Cecil Rhodes and the British Empire
He was an imperialist- believed Britain should extend its power and influence over other parts of the world by any means possible. Tried to extend Darwin's theory of evolution to countries and people
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social Darwinism
The stronger[and therefore 'superior'] Britain to take over weaker countries, it was frequently used to justify European imperialism in Africa and other areas of the world
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Assessing Cecil Rhodes
Introduced the act that pushed black people from their lands and increased taxes on their homes. He also made it harder for them to vote.
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Assessing Cecil Rhodes #2
His followers argued he brought wealth to Britain and made the southern part of Africa into a more stable and developed place. He left money in a scholarship fund at oxford University and many institutions including the university of Cape Town.
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Arguments for Cecil Rhodes
People argue that he was a man of his time and that he shouldn't be judged by his actions and beliefs by today's standards. Social Darwinism was widely accepted and Rhodes was simply doing what loads of other people were doing.
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Arguments against Cecil Rhodes
There should be no excuses for a person's actions and beliefs, no matter when they lived.
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The Suez Canal: a new route
The British government contributed nothing to the making of the Suez Canal. However, it was a vital route for Britain's trade with India as it provided a short cut..
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The Suez Canal: a new route #2
In the event of another Indian Rebellion or problems in other colonies the time saved would be vital
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The Suez Canal: a new route fact
80% of the ships using the canal were British
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Egypt
When the Egyptian government were in economic trouble the British, in partnership with France, gave them money in return for control over much of their trade, railways, ports and post offices.
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Response of the Egyptians to the aid
The Egyptians rebelled against the French and British 'interference'. A number of British people were killed in one of these rebellions and the British responded by ordering the navy to bomb the city. France stayed out of it
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Occupying Egypt Fact
24,000 soldiers from Britain and 7000 soldiers from British India entered Egypt and took control of major towns and cities including Cairo
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Boers
Descendants of Dutch settlers who had gone to southern Africa . They were mostly farmers and they were in the cape colony but the British invaded and it soon became part of the British empire. Boers left cape colony and headed north.
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First Boer War breaks out
Gold were discovered in new Boer states, British government tried to unite their states with the Boers but the Boers refused. British troops were sent in to try to force the Boers to accept British rule, but the Boers fought back brilliantly.
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First Boer War breaks out #2
The British lost the first war. Gold was soon discovered and Cecil Rhodes saw this as an opportunity so he opened mines inside Boer territory. British workers flooded into the area and the Boers felt threatened.
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First Boer War breaks out #3
The Boer leader did not give the British workers political rights and this caused high tension. Rhodes sponsored a plan to overthrow the Boer leader and replace him with a British ruler but it failed making matters worse between both sides .
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The Second Boer War
After the British placed soldiers round the Boer state borders a second war broke out.
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The Second Boer War #2
The small Boer army surprised the British with a series of wins . The British completely underestimated them as they were highly skilled fighters, armed with modern guns and knew the terrain well.
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How the British fought back
They sent half a million troops to fight 50,000 Boer soldiers. They used all the hi-tech machine they had- machine guns, modern rifles and explosive shells. The Boers, however, refused to surrender and carried on fighting.
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The scorched earth policy
British soldiers were instructed to burn down Boer farms, kill the animals, destroy crops and poison drinking wells. Boer men, women, children and their black servants were rounded up and put in concentration camps.
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Boer concentration camp facts
116, 000 Boers were put in these camps and 28,000 died mostly due to disease and illness caused by poor living conditions.
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Peace
Both sides were exhausted after years of fighting, the Boers were forced to surrender and peace talks began. Boer states had to become part of the British Colony but the Boers were allowed they could make many of the key decisions in running the land
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consequences of the Boer war
450,000 British soldiers fought in the war and 6000 died in battle. 16,000 died from illness and wounds gotten in battle. Boers lost 7000 soldiers and 28,000 civilians this showed British determination
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consequences of the Boer war #2
Young British males volunteered in their thousands for war but over a third were dimmed unfit for duty.
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consequences of the Boer war #3
Investigation were carried out and it was found that 30% of Londoners didn't have enough money to buy food despite having full time jobs.
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What was done for the children?
The government began to introduce free food in school for the poorest kids, there was free medical care and health treatments in schools. Teaching of domestic science was introduced.
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What was done for the adults?
Unemployment benefits were introduced, sickness pay and old age pensions were introduced. They even built Britain's first job centers
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Views on the British Empire
The large empire brought made the country richer so there was a belief that the British had a right to the land and were helping people in the conquered nations by teaching them a new Christian way of life.
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How the government fueled enthusiasm
How the government fueled enthusiasm Books and newspapers helped to fuel peoples enthusiasm for the empire. Magazines for young people had titles like 'union Jack' and the popular magazine for teenagers had stories of great soldiers 'doing their duty
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What was done in Britain to promote the empire?
Queen Victoria's commemorative plate for her Golden Jubilee had a map which highlighted the areas controlled by the British. It also showed the amount their import and export
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What was done in Britain to promote the empire? #2
All sorts of products from bars of soap to chocolates were covered with images glorifying the empire. Ideas and information about the empire were spread to influence public opinion and beliefs
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What was done in Britain to promote the empire? #3
Textbooks were filled with stories of Britain's great empire-builders (e.g Cecil Rhodes). Students were taught a huge empire was Britain's destiny. Poems and music halls celebrated the power of Britain and its armed forces.
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Why did the Irish migrate?
Migrated through the port of Liverpool and Glasgow, most of them came to escape extreme poverty and find better payed work. Many found jobs as navvies building new canals roads and railways. People also came due to potato blight as many people were s
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Effect of the potato blight
One million people died, that's one-third of the population, from starving.
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Why were there problems with the Irish migrating to England
Religious differences, disease, jobs, crime
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Religious differences
Most of the Irish were Catholic and the English were strongly protestant. On several occasions angry protestants marched through Irish areas and destroyed property.
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disease
The Irish lived in terrible conditions so disease was common. People blamed the Irish for causing a lot of the diseases. Typhus was nicknamed 'Irish fever'
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Crime
The Irish were blamed for high crime rates in many towns and cities. They tended to drink a lot and this would lead to a bit of violence
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jobs
They were accused of taking jobs that the British could have done. Anti-Irish protests happened in some places. In some places people with Irish accents or names were barred from jobs and then accused of laziness
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What was the effect of the Irish migration?
People intermarried and soon six million people (10% of total population) had Irish parents and grandparents. Britain's canals, road and railways could not have been built without them. 40% of the British army was Irish
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What caused the new Jewish migration?
They were wrongly accused for the assassination of the Russian emperor. A series of laws against them were strictly enforced and restrictions were placed on the amount of Jewish kids allowed in schools- they were totally expelled in some schools.
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Pogroms
Left 49 Jews dead, 500 injured and a 100 homes and businesses destroyed.
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Differences between new Jews ans old Jews
They looked different, were largely uneducated, didn't speak English, worked hard but lived poor lives, badly paid but charged high rent for their small disease ridden rooms, accused of taking jobs from Britain workers
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What kind of jobs did the Jews do?
making clothes, shoe making and furniture making. These jobs mainly took part in sweatshops
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Forced Migration
The transport millions of Africans as slaves to work on sugar, tobacco and cotton farms in the West Indies and North America.
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Forced Migration #2
The movement of prisoners to America and Australia
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Indenture system
After slavery migrants would agree to work for a period of five years in return for a basic wage and transport to their workplace. The workers were to be returned at the end of the period of departure
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Australia
11 ships left Portsmouth heading for the new British colony. Over 1300 people on board the ships including 736 convicted criminals
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Australia#2
convicts began to build the settlement, each convict was assigned a master and the master decided what work each convict would carry out.
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Australia#3
Good and hardworking convicts earned themselves an early release while bad behavior ended in a whipping or extended sentence . Over the next 20 years 20,000 more convicts were sent to join them
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Australia#4
Few of the convicts -or their masters- knew about farming or carpentry, two of the most important skills needed in the new colony.
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Australia#5
Australia was a place to dump Britain's criminals but the majority of the criminals decided to stay at the end of their sentence. Many became sheep or wheat farmers
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Leaving Britain
over 22 million people left Britain hoping to make a better life for themselves in a country where they felt they had more opportunities. Jobs were taken as builders,engineers, maids, tutors or miners.
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Emigration as a tool for solving social issues
The government gave local councils money to create schemes that encouraged the poorest people in the area to emigrate in hopes of reducing crime and poverty. Other schemes took young criminals from their families and moved them to Canada/ Australia
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Internal migration
Life became better in Britain so population rose. Immigrants were attracted to urban areas .e.g. many workers came from Ireland to find jobs in cotton mills.
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Internal migration#2
Farm machinery became common so fewer workers were needed on farms so they went to the urban areas to find work. The larger the town became the more jobs like shops, businesses, building work etc
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Why were European countries interested in Africa? #2

Back

Explorers told of Africa's riches- gold. diamonds, ivory and cash crops like coffee, timber and rubber. If they could take over Africa they could take it's raw materials for themselves and sell some of them to people who lived there.

Card 3

Front

Why were European countries interested in Africa? #3

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

The scramble begins

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

The British scramble

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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