History of psychology

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  • Created by: Lawhit14
  • Created on: 19-04-19 16:55
Who is Wundt?
The first psychologist who studied psychology as an experimental science, opening the first lab in 1879.
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What is introspection?
Observable behaviour studied to learn about the mind from ‘private’ thoughts and feelings of an individual. Using the 4 principles, when, ready, repeat and vary.
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Who is Milgram?
He studied obedience.
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What did Milgram do?
In 1963, he studied whether or not participants would administer shocks to a confederate if they were ordered to by an authoritative figure.
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What did Zimbardo do?
In 1971, he created a fake prison in Stanford University. Recruiting participants as prisoners and wardens, he found that the participants conformed almost immediately to their roles.
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Who was Zimbardo?
He studied conformity
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What is a hypothesis?
A theory formed to explain a certain behaviour or a phenomenon that is tested to see if it is falsifiable.
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What is perceptual threshold?
Level where an object or stimuli can be perceived congruent to our perception.
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What is Tabula rasa?
The mind at birth is a blank slate (Aristotle).
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What is Cartesian Dualism?
Mind and body interact and are dependent on each other (Descartes).
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What is Nativism?
Born with innate knowledge (Leibniz).
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What is empiricism?
All knowledge comes from experiences (Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley and Hume).
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What is the scientific approach?
17th & 18th cent. Obtaining objective evidence.
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What are the rules of introspection?
Know when, be ready, repeat and be varied.
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What is a sensation?
Stimulation of a sense organ that lead to impulses that reach the brain.
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What are habits?
Reflexes that establish pathways to brain areas.
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What are are the critiques of structionalism?
Different observers, private experience.
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What are the critiques of functualism?
Analysing consciousness removes meaning, mind and structure are not separable.
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What is the evolutionary theory?
Development of behaviour to adapt to the environment and that is helpful to survival (Darwin).
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What is Structionalism?
Put forward by Titchener as a complex structure of elements, feelings and images expanding on introspection.
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What is functalism?
James used introspection but argued consciousness is dynamic and mental processes have adaptive purposes.
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What is classical psychophysics?
Measured subjective experiences as well as how inner sensations are related to outer physical values.
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What does consciousness consist of?
Immediate and mediated experiences.
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What is Behaviourism?
1913, focuses on learning to predict future behaviour.
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What is Gestalt psychology?
1912, Focus on perception of ‘the whole’ and the relations between elements.
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Who was Pavlov?
Developed classical conditioning.
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What is Classical conditioning?
New concept of learning in 1903 put forward by Pavlov where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to become conditioned.
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What is operant conditioning?
Thorndike in 1911 used animal behaviour to develop that the idea of trial and error reinforces the stimulus and reaction association when successful.
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What is the Law of Effect?
Positive consequences makes behaviour more likely where as negative consequences make the behaviour less likely.
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What is the “behaviourism manifesto”?
All behaviour is learned through classical conditioning, behaviour can be broken down into blocks.
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What was the “Little Albert” experiment?
Watson & Rayner (1920) conditioned an infant to learn to associate fear with a white rat. His fear became generalised after multiple conditions.
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Who was Skinner?
A radical behaviourist who focused on reinforcement to investigate the modification of “voluntary behaviour”.
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What is the “black box” metaphor?
A metaphor for the mind, input, black box, output.
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What is the concept of Gestalt?
Objects/situations are perceived holistically in entirety before perceiving individually.
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What are the Gestalt laws?
Law of Similarity, proximity, good form, closure, symmetry, good continuation and common fate.
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What is insight?
Sudden comprehension of the problem in its entity.
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What are the phases of problem solving?
Trial and error, covert reflection, spontaneous restructuring, insight and problem solving.
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What is productive thinking?
Solving a problem by it’s restructuring.
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What is the Force Field Theory?
Lewis extended Gestalt psychology to understand a persons motivation and interpersonal relationships.
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What is Gestalt Therapy?
Experimental and humanistic form of therapy.
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What are the challenges to the ‘black box’?
Association cannot capture all complex behaviour, neglects the mind.
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What are cognitive maps?
Mental representations of space relations.
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What was the cognitive revolution?
Mind is a ‘computer’ With limited powers and capabilities, brain=hardware, cognitive processes=software. (Chomsky,1957, Miller,1956)
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What is cognitive neuroscience?
Looks at the neural substrate in the brain that controls certain cognitive functions.
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What are the methods of cognitive psychology
Eye movements
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What are some methods of brain imaging?
CT (Computed Technology), PET (Position Emission Tomography) and fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging).
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Card 4

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