HISTORY - METHODS OF PUNISHMENT

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  • Created by: hollyp123
  • Created on: 10-06-19 10:48
What was a major problem in the second half of the 16th century?
Unemployment.
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What did an Act of 1530 - 31 do?
Made whipping a common punishment for vagrancy.
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What did an Act of 1572 do?
Added to whipping and flogging by introducing mutilation - the burning through the gristle of the right ear with a hot iron.
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What was the main aim of the stocks and the pillory?
Humiliate offenders in public.
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What did an Act of 1351 require?
Stocks to be set up in villages to punish wrongdoers.
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What was the main element of the stocks?
Public disgrace and humiliation.
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When were the stocks abolished?
1872.
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What were offenders in the pillory pelted by? (2)
Stones/rotten food.
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When was the pillory abolished?
1837.
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What was a type of community self-policing in Wales?
The Ceffyl Pren (wooden horse).
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What would an accused person be carried on?
A pole or ladder through the streets for the purpose of public ridicule.
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When did it often take place? What were the men involved dressed in?
At night, dressed in female clothes.
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When was it used in parts of Wales until?
The early 19th century.
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Which crimes were punishable by execution in the 16th and 17th centuries? (5)
Murder, treason, arson and counterfeiting, and some minor crimes like theft of goods valued over a shilling.
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What did public executions, like those at Tyburn in London, attract?
Large crowds.
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What were they often the cause of?
Lawlessness.
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How many people were executed at Tyburn between 1703 and 1792?
1,232.
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How many people watched the execution of the criminal Jack Sheppard and in what year?
200,000 in 1724.
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Name three reasons for transportation.
It was seen as an alternative to hanging, imprisonment was very costly and by removing criminals, it was believed it would reduce crime in the UK.
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Name another two reasons for transportation.
The belief was that criminals would benefit from starting afresh with a new life after their sentence was served, and it would help to colonise areas of the Empire.
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What did the Transportation Act of 1717 allow convicts to do? Instead of what? (3)
Choose transportation to North America instead of branding, whipping or sometimes hanging.
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How many British prisoners were transported to North America between 1717 and 1776?
Over 30,000.
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Why did transportation to North America end in 1776?
The outbreak of the American War of Independence.
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What were used as floating prisons until a new venue for transportation could be found? (2)
Old warships and merchant ships (known as hulks).
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Where were many of them moored at? (2)
The Thames and Medway rivers.
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What were common on board?
Outbreaks of disease.
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Why did prisoners leave the hulks during the day?
To do heavy unskilled manual work on land.
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What opened up the possibility of a new venue to transport convicts?
Captain Cook's discovery of Australia in 1770.
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When did the first fleet of 11 ships set sail? How many convicts did it carry?
1787 - carrying 736 convicts.
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When did it arrive at Sydney Cove in New South Wales?
26th January 1788.
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How many convicts were transported to Australia between 1788 and 1868?
Over 165,000.
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How many criminals from Wales were transported to Australia between 1787 and 1868?
Over 2,200.
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Name one person on the first convoy and where they were from.
Francis Williams from Whitford, Flintshire.
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What had she been found guilty of?
Breaking into a house and stealing clothing.
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When did her boat anchor at Sydney Cove?
26th January 1788.
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What had many of the transportees been involved in?
Popular disturbances.
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Who was Lewis Lewis? What happened to him?
One of the leaders of the Merthyr Uprising of 1831 - transported for life.
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Why were John Frost, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones transported for life?
They were three Welsh Chartist leaders - due to their part in leading the Newport Rising of 1839 on the Westgate Hotel in Newport.
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Why were David David (Dai'r Cantwr) and John Jones (Shoni Ysgubor Fawr) transported for life?
For their attack on toll gates in South-West Wales during the Rebecca Riots of 1839 - 44.
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What were conditions in the new penal colony like for the convicts?
Harsh.
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Where were those who did not conform sent?
To harsher penal settlements like Norfolk Island.
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What did they do there? (2)
Worked in chain gangs on stone-breaking and building roads.
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What was offered as a motive for good behaviour?
Early release.
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What could be granted after five years of a sentence? What was the person not allowed to do?
A conditional pardon - they could not return to Britain.
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What was granted after the full sentence? What did this allow the person to do?
A certificate of freedom - allowed the person to return to Britain.
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What resulted in the end of transportation? (3)
Changing attitudes to punishment, the expense of operating the system, and growing resentment from Australia as its use as a dumping ground for criminals.
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When did transportation to New South Wales stop?
1840.
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What happened in 1852?
Tasmania refused to accept any more convicts.
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When did Western Australia stop accepting convicts?
1868.
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Between 1820 and 1835, what happened in the valleys of South-East Wales? (3)
Bands of workers protested against wage cuts, the truck system and harsh working conditions.
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What did the workers do? (3)
Held open air meetings at night, sent warning letters to blacklegs and attacked the property of their managements.
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When had the movement died out by?
The 1840s.
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What punishment did not exist in the medieval period?
Imprisonment.
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What did JPs set up during the Tudor period? Why?
Houses of Correction (Bridewells) to reform persistent beggars by putting them to supervised work.
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What was prison regarded as?
A place to hold suspects until they were brought to trial or released.
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There was no ... for how long suspects could be held.
Set time.
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What didn't jailers receive and what did they depend on?
Received no salary - depended on forcing money from prisoners.
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What were the conditions like?
Appalling.
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How many prisons were there in London in the 16th century? Name three and their uses.
14 - Newgate (for criminals), The Clink (for religious prisoners) and The King's Bench (for debtors).
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What caused some people to seek reform of the appalling conditions inside overcrowded prisons?
The dramatic rise in prison population following the ending of transportation to North America in 1776.
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Who carried out a survey of prisons in 1776?
John Howard, High Sheriff of Bedfordshire.
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What did he find? (3)
Prisoners were forced to stay in prison because they could not pay their fees; they were not separated by the types of crime they were in prison for; they died from disease such as jail fever (typhus - bacterial disease spread by lice/fleas)..
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What did John Howard believe? (3)
Prisons should reform criminals, clergymen should make regular visits to guide prisoners towards a better life, and prisoners should be kept in solitary confinement.
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Which Welsh prisons did he visit? (3)
Swansea, Wrexham & Caernarvon.
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What did he find in all three prisons?
He found the accommodation and the treatment of the prisoners to be in a terrible state.
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G.O. Paul had a new jail for the country designed for what three things?
Security, health and separation.
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How did the jail meet the security standards?
The building was polygonal (many-sided) to let staff see what was going on, with a 17-foot wall around it.
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How did the jail meet the health standards?
An isolation section checked new prisoners for disease: an exercise yard and good ventilation would keep prisoners healthy.
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How did the jail meet the separation standards?
There was a jail (for offenders awaiting trial) and a penitentiary (a place for punishment), as well as separate male & female areas.
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Who was Elizabeth Fry? What did she do and in what year?
A devout Christian - in 1813, she visited Newgate Prison and was horrified at the conditions, especially for female prisoners.
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What did Fry form in 1817?
The Association for the Improvement of Women Prisoners in Newgate.
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What was introduced? (3)
Female warders, schools for women and their children, and work (needlework) for female prisoners.
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Fry travelled the country and set up what?
Ladies' Prison Committees.
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Which Act did Fry have a big influence on? What did she not agree with?
1823 Gaols Act, didn't agree with the idea of separation.
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What did the 1823 Gaols Act do? (4)
Ordered that JPs visit prisons on a regular basis to inspect conditions, that jailers were to be salaried, prisoners were to follow a reform programme and all prisoners had to be kept in secure & sanitary accommodation.
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What was the Separate System?
Prisoners kept in individual cells to work, pray & be visited by clergymen, only left cells for religious services/exercise; had to wear masks to take away identity, & put to work making boats, mats & prison clothes, & sewing mailbags & coal sacks.
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How many prisons used the Separate System by the 1850s?
Over 50.
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Which was the most famous prison that used it?
Pentonville prison in London.
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What was the aim?
Give prisoners time to reflect on their mistakes and learn from them.
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What was the Silent System? (3)
Prison life was made as unpleasant as possible, prisoners could eat & exercise together, work was boring & pointless, like the crank, shot drill and the treadwheel.
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What was the aim of this system?
Make prisoners hate it so much so they wouldn't re-offend.
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What did both systems fail to do?
Lower the re-offending rate.
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What led to further prison reform? (2)
High suicide and insanity rates.
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Which act imposed strict punishment rather than reform?
The 1865 Prisons Act.
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What were Borstals and when were they set up?
1908 - set up to punish 15-21 year olds. They had very strict rules and were designed for education rather than punishment.
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When was corporal punishment (the birch) abolished?
1962.
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When was the minimum age to be sent to a Borstal raised to 17?
1969.
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When were Borstals abolished?
1982.
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When were open prisons started? What did they do? What is their aim?
After WW2. They housed non-violent prisoners with a low risk of escaping. Their aim = resettle prisoners into the community.
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When were Young Offenders' Institutions set up? What do they do?
1988 - reform violent young offenders aged 18-21.
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What were Secure Training Centres set up to do? How old did you have to be to go there?
Set up to prevent re-offending through education and rehabilitation - those up to the age of 17.
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Who are Juvenile Prisoners for? What do they focus on?
15 to 18 year olds, focus on reform.
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What was opened in 1987 in Bridgend?
Parc Young Offenders Institute.
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What does it have and what do they try to do?
Has an education department, which attempts to prepare the young offenders for life after prison.
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What made it difficult to reform/rehabilitate offenders? (2)
Prisons becoming expensive & overcrowded.
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When was probation introduced? What does it involve?
1907 - offenders followed a set of orders, kept in touch with their probation officer & reported regularly to the police.
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What did offenders have to do from the 1980s?
Attend courses to discuss issues and get help.
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When were suspended prison sentences introduced? What do they involve?
1967 - offenders don't go to prison unless they commit another offence during the period of suspension.
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When was parole introduced? What does it involve?
1967 - allowed prisoners to be released before the end of their sentence after their good behaviour in prison; they follow a set of orders like those on probation.
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When was community service introduced? What does it involve?
1972 - offenders do a number of hours of unpaid work to benefit the community, like removing graffiti or rubbish, or doing gardening.
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When was electronic tagging introduced? What does it involve?
1990s - offenders are given limits to where and when they can move; they must wear an electronic tag which allows the police to monitor their exact movements.
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Card 2

Front

What did an Act of 1530 - 31 do?

Back

Made whipping a common punishment for vagrancy.

Card 3

Front

What did an Act of 1572 do?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the main aim of the stocks and the pillory?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did an Act of 1351 require?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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