HISTORY - METHODS OF COMBATTING CRIME

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  • Created by: hollyp123
  • Created on: 09-06-19 19:51
Who was the most important law enforcement officer at local level?
Justice of the Peace (JP).
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Who were the JPs chosen from?
Local landowners.
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How did JPs maintain law and order?
They acted as a magistrate and administer justice through the Petty & Quarter session courts. They also organised the Parish Constable and the Town Watchmen to maintain law and order.
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How did JPs administrate local government?
They were responsible for enforcing local laws like licensing and regulating ale houses, checking weights & measures and organising bridge & road repair. They kept an eye on vagabonds, supervised poor relief & managed houses of correction.
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What was a House of Correction?
A prison for beggars who refused to work.
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What was another thing that a JP did?
They carried out orders of the Privy Council and Council of the Marches - JPS were expected to ensure that the Acts passed by the Privy Council and the Council of the Marches were enforced & obeyed.
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What were Petty sessions?
Local courts at which two or more JPs would sit to deal with minor criminal cases so as not to overwhelm the Quarter sessions.
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What were Quarter sessions?
Courts held every 3 months by JPs.
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What increased during the Tudor period in relation to JPs, and where?
Their workload - both in towns, which were expanding, and in the countryside, where they had to deal with the growing problem of vagrancy.
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What did JPs perform a vital service in?
Policing and punishing offenders.
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What were JPs effective in ensuring?
Acts of Parliament were locally enforced.
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Who did the JP appoint?
The Parish Constable and the Town Watchman.
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Who were Parish Constables before they were appointed?
Tradesmen or farmers living in the area.
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How long did Parish constables hold their position? What were they expected to do?
One year and work unpaid along with their day job.
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True or false: parish constables had a uniform and weapons.
False.
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When did the Town Watchman patrol the streets?
At night.
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What did they do?
They handed over any suspected wrongdoers to the constable.
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What did the Watchman carry? Did they have a uniform?
A bell, a lantern and a staff - no uniform.
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What were Watchmen meant to do? (2)
Deter thieves and reassure the townsfolk.
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Which city was rapidly growing?
London.
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What did King Charles II create and when?
A force of paid nightwatchmen for London in 1663, nicknamed the 'Charleys".
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What deterred people from wanting to work as a Constable or Watchman? (3)
It was unpaid, few could afford the time to perform their duties properly and Charleys tended to be too old/lazy to perform their duties well.
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During the Medieval Times, what was Wales governed by?
10th century laws of Hywel Da.
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When did the system of administering justice change?
When the Acts of Union was introduced in 1536 and 1543.
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What did these two acts enforce upon Wales?
The English judicial system.
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What was the country then divided into?
Shires.
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What did this result in the introduction of?
JPs.
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What were the Welsh gentry quick to see?
The social advantages to be gained from taking on this role.
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Who was Sir Edward Stradling? What did he do?
1529 - 1609, from St. Donat's Castle in the vale of Glamorgan served as MP during the reign of Elizabeth as well as fulfilling the role of JP in his local area for most of his adult life.
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What put pressure on the medieval system of using unpaid amateurs to maintain law and order in the 18th & 19th centuries?
The rise in population and the growth of towns and cities.
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Who started acting as unofficial policemen?
Private individuals such as thief-takers.
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What happened to Henry Fielding in 1748?
He was appointed Chief Magistrate at Bow Street.
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What did Henry publish in 1751?
An Enquiry into the Late Increase of Robbers etc.
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What did Henry set up?
A force of six law officers who were paid, full time and well trained.
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What was their motto?
"Quick notice and sudden pursuit".
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Who continued the work of the 'Runners'?
John Fielding, Henry's brother.
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What did John secure in 1763? What did it do?
A government grant of £600 to establish the Bow Street Horse Patrol to deal with highway robbery.
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What did John establish in 1772? What did it contain?
A newspaper - 'The Quarterly Pursuit', published 4 times a year - it contained lists of crimes and descriptions of wanted criminals.
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What changes were made to the newspaper in 1786? (2)
It was renamed to 'The Public Hue and Cry' and appeared weekly.
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What did the newspaper become in the early 1800s? What did it mark the beginning of?
The Police Gazette - it marked the beginnings of a national crime information network.
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What was introduced in 1792 and what did it do?
The Middlesex Justices Act - extended the Bow Street scheme by funding 7 JPs in other parts of London, each of whom had six full-time 'Runners' under their command.
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What was established in 1798 after a campaign by Patrick Colquhoun?
The Thames River Police.
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What was set up in 1805? What did they do?
A horse patrol of 54 officers armed with swords, truncheons and pistols was set up to patrol highways around London, nicknamed 'Robin Redbreasts'.
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How many constables and watchmen did London have by 1829
450 constables, 4,000 watchmen.
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What was the population of London by 1829?
1.5 million.
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What did the Runners introduce the idea of?
'Preventative policing' - attempting to stop crime from being committed.
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What was set up in 1829?
The Metropolitan Police Act.
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Who was it under the control of?
Robert Peel, the Home Secretary.
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What did Peel want? (4)
Paid, full-time law officers who would investigate crimes, patrol the streets, prevent crime and apprehend criminals.
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What were the policemen called? (2) Why?
'Peelers' or 'Bobbies' after their founder.
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What were the main features of the new force? (4)
It was run by 2 commissioners, its headquarters were at Scotland Yard in Westminster, it covered a radius of 7 miles, 17 districts each with 144 police constables, constables had to be able to read and write.
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What were another three features of the new force?
The constable's uniform was a blue jacket, white trousers, a tall white hat; each carried a truncheon and rattle, and constables worked a seven day week, patrolling a set area.
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What was created in 1839 and what did it do?
A second Metropolitan Police Act - extended the area t cover a 15-mile (24km) radius from Charing Cross.
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What was also brought into the Metropolitan Police?
The River Police and Horse Patrol.
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What did the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 allow?
Allowed borough towns to set up a police force if they wanted to; only a small amount had done so by 1837.
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What did the Rural Police Act of 1839 allow?
Allowed JPs establish police forces in their county; only a small number had done so by 1856.
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What did the County and Borough Police of 1856 do?
Made it compulsory for every county to have a police force.
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During the 1840s, how many counties had set up constabularies? Which ones were they?
Five - Cardiganshire, Caernarvonshire, Denbighshire, Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire.
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Which boroughs were the first to set up police forces?
Swansea, Neath and Pwllheli.
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After which year were constabularies set up in the remaining shires?
1856.
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What did the force develop to help with the detection of crime?
Specialist units.
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What did the Detectives Branch of 1842 do?
Used detectives to investigate crimes; dressed in plain clothes.
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What did this then become known as in 1878?
The Criminal Investigation Department (CID).
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What did the Special Branch of 1883 do?
It was set up to deal with Irish terrorists, but was expanded to investigate all potential terrorist threats.
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What did photography do and when was it first used?
1850s - provided visual images of criminals for police forces.
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What did fingerprinting do and when was it first used?
1901 - used to establish unique identity; national register increased the crime detection rate by over 400%.
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When did policemen start using bicycles?
1909.
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When did the policemen introduce police cars? Until when were they not commonly used?
Late 1910s, not until 1930s.
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When was 'bobby on the beat' replaced by patrol cars and 'rapid response' teams?
1970.
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When were police helicopters and light aircrafts introduced?
In the 1980s.
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When was the telegraph and radio first used?
1910.
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When did police telephone boxes appear?
In the 1920s.
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When did the 999 emergency number become available?
1937.
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When were two-way radios used from?
The 1930s.
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When was the first police photographer employed?
1901.
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What are now fitted with cameras? (2)
Police cars and helicopters.
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What do the police also make use of? When was it developed?
CCTV. Late 1970s.
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When did the Police National Computer come into use?
1974.
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What does it hold? (4)
Fingerprints, DNA records, motor vehicle records and missing persons.
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When was the Criminal Investigation Department introduced? What did it do? (5)
1878 - plainclothes detectives investigate major crimes such as murders, serious assaults, robberies, fraud and sexual offences.
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When was the Flying Squad introduced? What does it do?
1919 - deals with serious theft; later became the Central Robbery Squad.
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When was the Fraud Squad introduced? What does it do?
1946 - investigates fraud and other economic crimes.
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When was the Dog Handling Squad introduced? What does it do?
1946 - trained officers use dogs to help trace people, property, drugs and explosives.
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When was the Anti-Terrorist Branch introduced? What does it do?
1971 - aims to monitor and prevent terrorist activity.
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When was the National Hi-Tech Crime Team introduced? What does it do?
2002 - deals with serious and organised cybercrime.
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When was the Counter Terrorist Command introduced? What does it do?
2006 - formed from merger of Anti-Terrorist Branch and Special Branch to prevent terrorist-related activity.
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During the late 20th century, why were several initiatives introduced?
To help improve police-community relations.
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What was 'on the beat'?
More police officers returned to the beat to provide a visible presence on the streets.
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What were Crime Prevention Schemes?
Run by the police and offer advice on personal safety, home and vehicle security and protection against fraud.
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What were Neighbourhood Watch Schemes? When were they introduced?
1982 - have developed into a nationwide membership of 10 million people; they involve organised groups of local people who work with the police to prevent crime in their neighbourhood.
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What were Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs)? When were they introduced?
2002 - these help deal with anti-social behaviour and minor crime in the hope of making ordinary people feel more secure in their locality.
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What did the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, announce in May 1996?
A reduction in the number of police forces across England and Wales.
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What did he reduce them to?
From 177 to 49.
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What has this been reduced to in the present day?
43.
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During 1967-68, what were the number of police forces reduced to in Wales?
From 12 to just 4.
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What are the four police forces?
The Gwent Constabulary, South Wales Constabulary (renamed South Wales Police in 1996), Gwynedd Constabulary (renamed North Wales Police in 1974) and Dyfed-Powys Constabulary.
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Card 2

Front

Who were the JPs chosen from?

Back

Local landowners.

Card 3

Front

How did JPs maintain law and order?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did JPs administrate local government?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What was a House of Correction?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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