History- Medicine through time

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Why did the knowledge of medicine deteriorate before the middle ages?
Between AD 43 and C410, Britain was under the control of the roman empire. The romans brought with them the understanding of disease. The roman empire grew massively but became weak and collapsed along with all of their medical knowledge.
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Which disease appeared in the bible as a disease sent as a punishment during the middle ages?
Leprosy
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If a patient had leprosy during the middle ages, what would happen to them?
There were no cures and people with it would be banished to leper houses and sent to isolated island communities.
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Because there was a lack of medical understanding in the middle ages, it meant that what was used to explain illness and disease?
Religion
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`In the early stages of the middle ages, education started to progress. How?
Universities were established
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The church encouraged people to go and fight against Islam and spread christianity. Why would this help medical knowledge?
People travelled to the middle east where they came in to contact with doctors, who were more skilled than their counterparts in Britain
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Any british followers of the catholic church in the middle ages would have to a monthly what?
Tithe
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What did the tithe do?
The church used it to pay for the care of the community
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How did the church explain famine?
Saying that God had sent it as a punishment for sin
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When a patient recovered from an illness what would the church declare?
It was a miracle thanks to the patients prayers
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What was the symptoms of Leprosy?
A painful skin disease followed by paralysis and eventually death
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If people with Leprosy were allowed to stay in their home towns during the middle ages what would they have to wear?
A cloak and a bell to announce their presence
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Who put forward the idea of the 4 humours?
The ancient greeks- Hippocrates
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Give the 4 humours
Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
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A doctor would look for an inbalance in what when giving a diagnosis?
One of the 4 humours
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Why was there no dissection in the middle ages?
It was illegal to dissect criminal's bodies because it was believed you had to have a full soul to go to heaven
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What effect did the 'no dissection' rule have?
Doctors could not identify where e.g the heart or lungs where
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How many books did the roman doctor Galen write about his views in the gladiator arena?
350
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What did hospitals do to treat ill people?
Provide care and shelter but not treatment
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Where would leper houses be found?
On the edges of towns so lepers would stay away
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What are almhouses?
Small houses, often in rows, where elderly, pregnant women and the weak might stay for a while
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Who funded the almhouses?
The church
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Who was in charge of the almhouses?
The priest might be in charge but no real physicians or treatment was provided
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Monasteries had many books by who?
Hippocrates and Galen
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Who looked after the monasteries?
Monks and nuns thought it was their christian duty to look after the sick
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What could an ill person get from the monasteries?
Recieve care from monks
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Who could collect poor clothes and left over food from the monasteries?
Poor pilgrims, beggars and disabled people
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What was the main role of a physician?
To diagnose an illness and recommend a treatment
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Why were physicians expensive?
There were not very many of them and training took a long time (7-10 years)
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Who took over from the physician when treating a patient?
A midwife or barber surgeon
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What did apothecaries have good knowledge of?
The healing power of herbs and plants thanks to studying herbal manuals such as Materia Medica
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When did the black death arrive in England?
1348
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Where had the black death come from?
The Far East
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Where did it first arrive in Europe?
It had spread along trade routes arriving in Sicily in 1347 then spread across the rest of Europe
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How would the black death spread?
Fleas arrived on rats
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How would the black death spread?
Fleas arrived on rats, fleas bite humans, passes the disease on
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What was the main symptom of the black death?
Buboes - a swelling in the arm pit or groin filled with pus
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How long would it take for people to die after they caught the black death?
3-5 days
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How often did the plague return to England after the first outbreak?
Every 10-20 years
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What is humanism?
A love of learning and a belief that humans can make up their own mind when discovering the truth about the world
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What was the result of humanism?
The search for alternative explanations lead to more experiments in medicine resulting in proof Galen was wrong about human anatomy
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Who was Thomas Sydenham?
The founder of clinical medicine and epidermiology
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What was Sydenham's nickname?
The English Hippocrates
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Where and what did Sydenham study?
At oxford uni studying medicine
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What did Sydenham insist that doctors should do?
They should visit the sick rather than the other way around
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Who invented the printing press?
A German goldsmith called Johannes Gutenberg
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What was the result of the printing press?
People who could not read or write before were now motivated to read which lead to a more educated population
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What was made using the printing press?
Books. The first was the Bible
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Who founded the Royal Society?
Sir Christopher Wren
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What would physicians advise the patience to do if they were given the treatment to 'sweat'?
They should be wrapped in thick woolen cloths and lead by the fire so they could sweat the disease out
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How did quack doctors get their money?
They mixed remedies and claimed they had found a cure for the plague
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Who was the king during the time of the plague?
Charles II
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What did Charles II do to the streets to try and stop the spreading of the plague?
Clean the streets, pick up dead bodies, put sweet smelling fragrances all over the streets
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What would Charles II burn to get rid of miasma?
Tar
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What was the name of the french scientist who made a discovery about germs?
Louis Pasteur
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What substances did Louis Pasteur look at when investing microbes?
Wine and Vinegar
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What was the name of the book that Pasteur wrote in 1861?
The Germ Theory
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What does Pasteur discover that is floating around in the air?
Micro organisms
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Pasteur discovers that if you boil something it kills off all the what?
Bad microbes
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What happens if microbes come into contact with certain things?
They go off and decay
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How does Pasteur discover that if bad microbes come into contact with people, you get ill?
He recognised that if bad microbes make something go off and decay then the same must happen to our body
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When Pasteur produces a document about his findings why does no one listen to his theories?
Because he is not a doctor
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What is the name of the person who listens to Pasteurs theories?
Joseph Lister
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What does Lister do to answer his questions about why wounds get infected?
Reads Pasteur's documents
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Why does no one believe Lister's theories?
Because not all patients get infections and they survive the bad microbes
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When doctors started to listen to both Pasteur and Lister they looked on their surgical equipment. What did they find?
Bad microbes are all over the tools
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What is carried out to find more of the bad microbes?
A surgical operation
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When did Louis Pasteur make his discovery about germs?
1860's
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What did the operation to discover more about microbes involve?
They cut out someones gut and found thousands of microbes
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What was the name of the man who identified that different germs cause many common diseases?
Robert Koch
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In what year did Koch discover the bacteria which causes tubercolosis?
1882
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Koch discovered that what could be taken from the body and reproduced in a pure culture (grown under controlled conditions)?
Bacteria
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How did Koch make it easier for other scientists to study bacteria?
By growing the bacteria in agar jelly and a petri dish
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Over the next 2 decades they discover the microbes which cause which 2 diseases?
Pneumonia and meningitis
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When did they win the nobel prize for medicine?
1905
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What have modern doctors realised you need to do to get rid of the disease?
Get rid of the bad microbe
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What was one of the worst diseases of 1880?
Diphtheria
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What are the symptoms of diphtheria?
A painful cough, fever and leathery skin grew all over the throat making it hard to breathe
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What did scientists discover about what the microbe does to cause diphtheria?
The microbes release a poison into the childs body in the throat
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During the late 1800s+ why did the government want to become more involved in the citizens lives?
People started to get the right to vote and thought that if they show more interest in their lives they will gain votes
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What is used to grow bacteria?
Agar jelly and a petri dish
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What is used to look at micro-organisms and microbes?
Micro-organism
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Give the years of Florence Nightingale's life
1820-1910
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Florence Nightingale did not want to be like her mother. How would she be different?
Her mother hosted parties but Florence did not like this
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At the age of 17, what did Nightingale think she had had?
A vision from God to become a nurse
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Where does Nightingale do her training?
Germany and Paris
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What type of family was Nightingale born in to?
Wealthy
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What did Nightingale do to ensure that every patient is seen to?
Organise the nurses to make sure they are all seen to
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What did Nightingale suggest that would be better for the layout of hospitals?
Windows for light and fresh air, isolation wards and operation theatres
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In what year did Nightingale set up her nursing school?
1860
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Where did Nightingale set up her nursing school?
In the St Thomas' hospital, London
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What was the name of Nightingale's book written in 1859?
Notes for Nurses
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What is the name of the surgeon from Edinburgh who recognised there needed to be a proper anesthetic instead of using laughing gas?
James Simpson
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How does Simpson test which chemical is a pain killer?
He gathers together a bunch of his friends and they breathe in the chloroform. They all passed out and were discovered a couple of days later by Simpson's mum.
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What can happen to someone if they take too much chloroform?
They can die
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What would a doctor have to take into consideration when measuring the dosage of chloroform?
Height and weight
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Why would an athlete notice a change in their body during training if they have taken chloroform?
Chloroform effects the heart
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Joseph Lister noticed what when studying infected wounds?
Flesh was rotting
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Sum up what Pasteur identified?
Germs were responsible for decay
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What link did Lister make between the rotting flesh and the wine?
If the bad microbes in the air causes wine and vinegar to rot perhaps it is the same for rotting flesh
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After Lister made the link between rotting skin and the wine what did he do?
Started to look for chemicals to clean the wounds
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In 1865 what did Lister do to a patient?
He operated on a patient with a broken leg and added a bandage soaked in carbolic acid. The wound healed cleanly
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Why did men limit the things Nightingale wanted to do?
They wouldn't let her do the things she thought would help the hospital
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What is the name of the medical journal that Lister published his results in?
The Lancet
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During surgery, who would watch?
The students
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Leprosy

Back

Which disease appeared in the bible as a disease sent as a punishment during the middle ages?

Card 3

Front

There were no cures and people with it would be banished to leper houses and sent to isolated island communities.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Religion

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Universities were established

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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