History Medicine Key Individuals
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- Created by: isobelha
- Created on: 15-08-21 16:49
Hippocrates
- Theory of Four Humours (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile)
- Hippocratic Oath (Taken by people in medical profession, must keep patient confidentiality, do no harm to patients and must treat anyone
- Father of modern medicine
- Started to recor
- Hippocratic Oath (Taken by people in medical profession, must keep patient confidentiality, do no harm to patients and must treat anyone
- Father of modern medicine
- Started to recor
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Galen
- Developed theory of four humours into the theory of opposites (opposite humour used to treat humour that is out of balance)
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
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John of Arderne
- Most famous surgeon in Medieval England
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and surgical instruments
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and surgical instruments
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
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John of Arderne
- Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
- Developed treatment for anal absecess (swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons from lower-class barbe
- Charged large fee for an operation
- Developed treatment for anal absecess (swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons from lower-class barbe
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Ambroise Pare
- French Army Surgeon
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- In 1552 appointed surgeon to Henri II of France
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories throughout his li
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- In 1552 appointed surgeon to Henri II of France
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories throughout his li
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Ambroise Pare
Gunshot wound
Gunshot wound
- Old treatment for gunshot wound was to use boiling oil as believed to be poisonous, caused a lot of pain
- After the oil a cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine was applied
- Pare ran out of hot oil so just used the cream
- His patients healed w
- After the oil a cream of rose oil, egg white and turpentine was applied
- Pare ran out of hot oil so just used the cream
- His patients healed w
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Ambroise Pare
Stopping bleeding
Stopping bleeding
- Wounds were cauterised to stop bleeding
- Used silk thread round blood vessels to close them up, called ligatures
- Invented crow's beak clamp to halt bleeding
- Ligature less painful, slower and could introduce infection
- Used silk thread round blood vessels to close them up, called ligatures
- Invented crow's beak clamp to halt bleeding
- Ligature less painful, slower and could introduce infection
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William Harvey
Discovery of circulation of Blood
Discovery of circulation of Blood
- Calculated how much blood would be produced if it was fuel for the body
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
- Read what Italian anatomists at Padua discovered, built on their work
- Dissected and studi
- Observed slow beating hearts of cold blooded animals to understand how muscles work
- Read what Italian anatomists at Padua discovered, built on their work
- Dissected and studi
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William Harvey
- The heart works like a pump
- Blood flows in one direction only around the body
- one way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
- Blood is re-circulated and not replaced
- Blood flows in one direction only around the body
- one way valves stop the blood going the wrong way
- Blood is re-circulated and not replaced
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William Harvey
- He went against Galen who was still strongly supported by the church
- He challenged the idea of bloodletting to balance the humours
- Waited 12 years before publishing De Motu Cordis (1628)
- Theory was accepted by many doctors
- Wasn't immediately use
- He challenged the idea of bloodletting to balance the humours
- Waited 12 years before publishing De Motu Cordis (1628)
- Theory was accepted by many doctors
- Wasn't immediately use
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Andreas Vesalius
- Belgian and studied in Paris, learnt Galen's anatomy
- Professor of surgery at University of Padua, began to question Galen's opinions
- Wrote a book, Fabric of the Human Body 1543
- Illustrated book, very accurate textbook based on dissections and obse
- Professor of surgery at University of Padua, began to question Galen's opinions
- Wrote a book, Fabric of the Human Body 1543
- Illustrated book, very accurate textbook based on dissections and obse
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Andreas Vesalius
- His book corrected mistakes made by Galen
- Provided proof of Galen's mistake (breastbone in humans has three parts not seven like an ape)
- Criticised for saying Galen was wrong
- Had to leave job in Padua, became a doctor for Emperor Charles V
- Provided proof of Galen's mistake (breastbone in humans has three parts not seven like an ape)
- Criticised for saying Galen was wrong
- Had to leave job in Padua, became a doctor for Emperor Charles V
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John Hunter
- Pioneer of scientific surgery
- Appointed surgeon to King George III in 1776 and surgeon general to army in 1790
- He wrote many books such as the the Natural History of the Teeth, On Venereal Disease and Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds
- Taught
- Appointed surgeon to King George III in 1776 and surgeon general to army in 1790
- He wrote many books such as the the Natural History of the Teeth, On Venereal Disease and Blood inflammation and gunshot wounds
- Taught
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John Hunter
- Inoculated himself with gonorrhoea as an experiment when he was writing his book, on venereal disease
- Tried radical surgery, operated on a man's leg that had a throbbing lump (aneurysm) on his knee joint instead of amputating in 1785
- collected and s
- Tried radical surgery, operated on a man's leg that had a throbbing lump (aneurysm) on his knee joint instead of amputating in 1785
- collected and s
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John Hunter
- When the King's elephant died, Hunter performed the first dissection of an Elephant
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Thomas Sydenham
- Known as the 'English Hippocrates'
- Argued for need to base treatments on examining a person as a whole and basing decisions on observations
- Believed in close observations of symptoms
- Said to carefully monitor and symptoms shown or treatments giv
- Argued for need to base treatments on examining a person as a whole and basing decisions on observations
- Believed in close observations of symptoms
- Said to carefully monitor and symptoms shown or treatments giv
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Thomas Sydenham
- Believed diseases had different characteristics so each had a unique treatment
- Had an interest in treating ague, form of malaria, used chinchona bark to successfully treat the condition
- Interested in smallpox which he developed a successful treatme
- Had an interest in treating ague, form of malaria, used chinchona bark to successfully treat the condition
- Interested in smallpox which he developed a successful treatme
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Thomas Sydenham
- For smallpox, usually piled blankets on patients and administered hot drinks in attempt to sweat the disease out
- Sydenham believed in a cool therapy
- This treatment echoed the four humours
- Book Medical observations (1676) became standard textbook
- Sydenham believed in a cool therapy
- This treatment echoed the four humours
- Book Medical observations (1676) became standard textbook
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Nicholas Culpeper
- Wrote the complete herbal (1653)
- Used plant and astrology in his treatments
- Highly critical of bloodletting and purging
- Used plant and astrology in his treatments
- Highly critical of bloodletting and purging
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Edward Jenner
- Jenner made the discovery of vaccination (inoculation)
- He was a country doctor in Gloucestershire
- Heard stories that people who had cowpox were protected against smallpox
- He tested the theory in 1796, gave cowpox to an 8 year old boy
- He was a country doctor in Gloucestershire
- Heard stories that people who had cowpox were protected against smallpox
- He tested the theory in 1796, gave cowpox to an 8 year old boy
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Edward Jenner
- Jenner called his cowpox inoculation technique vaccination after the Latin word for cow
- Published his findings in 1798
- Published his findings in 1798
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James Simpson
- Scottish Doctor
- Discovered chloroform when there was a serious problem of pain during surgery
- Breakthrough of chloroform happened in 1847
- Discovered chloroform when there was a serious problem of pain during surgery
- Breakthrough of chloroform happened in 1847
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Louis Pasteur
- Proved the spontaneous generation was wrong and that germs not chemicals cause decay
- Worked at Lille University, in the heart of an industrial area
- Specialised in fermentation
- Investigated why beer was going bad at a local brewery
- Worked at Lille University, in the heart of an industrial area
- Specialised in fermentation
- Investigated why beer was going bad at a local brewery
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Louis Pasteur
- Discovered that it was microorganisms in the beer that were causing it to go off
- Called microorganisms germs because they were germinating and fermenting
- Called microorganisms germs because they were germinating and fermenting
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Louis Pasteur/Joseph Lister
- Various theories were still debated in the 1860s and 70s despite Lister's attempts to convince British Surgeons
- Most doctors at the time didn't believe microscopic germs could harm humans
- Pasteur's research related to germs that might turn foods so
- Most doctors at the time didn't believe microscopic germs could harm humans
- Pasteur's research related to germs that might turn foods so
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Joseph Lister
- Late 1860s when Pasteur's germ theory came to the attention of British Doctors and revolutionised surgery because of Joseph Lister
- Lister was a Professor of Surgery in Glasgow
- Shown Pasteur's work by Thomas Anderson, Professor of Chemistry
- Thou
- Lister was a Professor of Surgery in Glasgow
- Shown Pasteur's work by Thomas Anderson, Professor of Chemistry
- Thou
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Joseph Lister
- Anderson also recommended carbolic acid as a chemical that killed bacteria
- Lister also took an approach to antiseptic surgery
- Spray carbolic acid on surgeon's hands in operating areas
- Soak instruments and bandages in carbolic acid
- Proved use of
- Lister also took an approach to antiseptic surgery
- Spray carbolic acid on surgeon's hands in operating areas
- Soak instruments and bandages in carbolic acid
- Proved use of
27 of 55
Joseph Lister
- August 1865, mended fractured leg of young boy
- Skin of Jamie's leg was broken, likely to be infected, usually be amputated
- Lister set the bones and used dressings that had been soaked in carbolic acid
- After six weeks, Jamie walked out of hospital
- Skin of Jamie's leg was broken, likely to be infected, usually be amputated
- Lister set the bones and used dressings that had been soaked in carbolic acid
- After six weeks, Jamie walked out of hospital
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Joseph Lister
- 1867, lister published results of 11 cases of compound fracture, explained techniques in lectures
- Published Pasteur's germ theory through explanation of antiseptic techniques
- Said microbes in air caused infection not spontaneous generation
- Published Pasteur's germ theory through explanation of antiseptic techniques
- Said microbes in air caused infection not spontaneous generation
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Charles Bastian
- influential doctor
- Professor of anatomy at University College London
- Written many articles in late 1860s supporting spontaneous generation
- People didn't want to challenge his views
- Professor of anatomy at University College London
- Written many articles in late 1860s supporting spontaneous generation
- People didn't want to challenge his views
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John Tyndall
- Famous Physicist
- Argued in favour of germ theory and against Charles Bastian
- Lectured on dust and disease, demonstrated existence of tiny microbes in the air
- Publicly defended Pasteur's germ theory
- Heavily criticised spontaneous generation, sai
- Argued in favour of germ theory and against Charles Bastian
- Lectured on dust and disease, demonstrated existence of tiny microbes in the air
- Publicly defended Pasteur's germ theory
- Heavily criticised spontaneous generation, sai
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James Simpson
- Discovered chloroform in 1847
- Wife came home to find Simpson and his friends sleeping peacefully after they had inhaled the chemical
- Difficult to get the right dose so many patients died
- Wife came home to find Simpson and his friends sleeping peacefully after they had inhaled the chemical
- Difficult to get the right dose so many patients died
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Robert Koch
- German doctor
- Applied Germ theory to human diseases
- Founder of bacteriology (study of bacteria)
- Work went against view that most germs were very similar
- identified microbe responsible for anthrax om 1876
- Identified deadly cholera germs in 1884
- Applied Germ theory to human diseases
- Founder of bacteriology (study of bacteria)
- Work went against view that most germs were very similar
- identified microbe responsible for anthrax om 1876
- Identified deadly cholera germs in 1884
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Robert Koch
- Proved that specific bacteria were responsible for specific diseases by injecting and retrieving bacterium from successive experimental animals
- Improved growing of microbes on solidified agar
- Discovered dyes to stain specific microbes, allowed scien
- Improved growing of microbes on solidified agar
- Discovered dyes to stain specific microbes, allowed scien
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Robert Koch
- Him and Pasteur had encouraged a new team of scientists to study diseases and find ways of preventing them
- Scientists found that chemicals attacked specific germs
- Former member of Koch's team (Paul Ehrlich) developed first chemical cure for disease
- Scientists found that chemicals attacked specific germs
- Former member of Koch's team (Paul Ehrlich) developed first chemical cure for disease
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Edwin Chadwick
- Lawyer, devoted to health and social reforms
- Two year period, worked on famous public health inquiry, results published in 1842
- Believed in mistaken miasma theory
Report clarified need got cleaner streets and clean water
- Two year period, worked on famous public health inquiry, results published in 1842
- Believed in mistaken miasma theory
Report clarified need got cleaner streets and clean water
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John Snow
- Famous surgeon
- Worked in Broad Street, Soho, London
- During a cholera outbreak in 1854, 20,000 people died
- Snow noted all vicitims lived near same water pump in Broad Street
- Removed pump handle, everyone had to use another pump
- Outbreak stopped
- Worked in Broad Street, Soho, London
- During a cholera outbreak in 1854, 20,000 people died
- Snow noted all vicitims lived near same water pump in Broad Street
- Removed pump handle, everyone had to use another pump
- Outbreak stopped
37 of 55
John Snow
- Later found that a street toilet was leaking into the pump's water source
- Suspected that cholera wasn't airborne (miasma) but contagious and caught by contact with infected water
- Anesthetics - Developed chloroform mask so people could inhale anesthe
- Suspected that cholera wasn't airborne (miasma) but contagious and caught by contact with infected water
- Anesthetics - Developed chloroform mask so people could inhale anesthe
38 of 55
Joseph Bazalgette
- Parliament gave engineer, Bazalgette, enough money to build a new sewer system for London
- Work began in 1858
- Design of sewer system used gravity and the the slope of the London river basin to get sewers to flow downstream towards the sea
- Pumping s
- Work began in 1858
- Design of sewer system used gravity and the the slope of the London river basin to get sewers to flow downstream towards the sea
- Pumping s
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Joseph Bazalgette
- Given £3 million to immediately start work
- Work finished in 1866
- He'd built an 83 mile sewer system
- Removed 420 gallons of sewage a day
- Work finished in 1866
- He'd built an 83 mile sewer system
- Removed 420 gallons of sewage a day
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Paul Ehrlich
- Former member of Koch's team
- 1909 discovered first chemical cure for disease
- Chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis
- Named the 'magic bullet' because targeted harmful germ specifically and destroyed without harming the rest of the body
- Led to the
- 1909 discovered first chemical cure for disease
- Chemical Salvarsan 606 cured syphilis
- Named the 'magic bullet' because targeted harmful germ specifically and destroyed without harming the rest of the body
- Led to the
41 of 55
Alexander Fleming
- Fleming discovered penicillin when he returned from his holiday
- Realised germ-killing capabilities o penicillin and published his findings the same year
- Today we know penicillin to be an antibiotic
however, Fleming didn't realise this and concluded
- Realised germ-killing capabilities o penicillin and published his findings the same year
- Today we know penicillin to be an antibiotic
however, Fleming didn't realise this and concluded
42 of 55
Alexander Fleming
- Didn't inject penicillin into an infected animal, this would've shown it could be used to kill infections
- Likely to have sparked a lot of interest in penicillin and could have advanced its development
- Few people regarded Fleming's work as a major b
- Likely to have sparked a lot of interest in penicillin and could have advanced its development
- Few people regarded Fleming's work as a major b
43 of 55
Florey and Chain
- 1930s, researchers at Oxford University read about penicillin's ability to kill germs
- Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough pe
- Scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain successfully tested penicillin on eight mice
- Next, they wanted to treat humans, over a period of months produced enough pe
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Florey and Chain
- When the patient was injected with penicillin the infection began to clear up
- Patient died when penicillin ran out
- Next, they needed to workout how to mass produce penicillin
- Second World War major factor in transforming supply of penicillin
- ste
- Patient died when penicillin ran out
- Next, they needed to workout how to mass produce penicillin
- Second World War major factor in transforming supply of penicillin
- ste
45 of 55
Florey and Chain
- Originally approached the British government for money however, they gave them barely anything as all their money was being spent on the war efforts
- Approached the US government
- US agreed to pay several huge chemical companies to make millions of ga
- Approached the US government
- US agreed to pay several huge chemical companies to make millions of ga
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Florey and Chain
- by end of war in 1945, Britain and USA working closely together
- 25,000 soldiers were being treated
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin available for public use as soon as war ended
- 25,000 soldiers were being treated
- Drug companies began using production methods to make penicillin available for public use as soon as war ended
47 of 55
Florey and Chain
Impact of penicillin
Impact of penicillin
- Estimated 15% of wounded British and US soldiers would have died without penicillin
- Thousands of injured soldiers returned to service quicker than they would have done without penicillin
- After war, penicillin became available for doctors
- Classifie
- Thousands of injured soldiers returned to service quicker than they would have done without penicillin
- After war, penicillin became available for doctors
- Classifie
48 of 55
Florey and Chain
Impact of penicillin
Impact of penicillin
- Saved lives of millions of people
- Followed by other antibiotics such as streptomycin (tuberculosis) 1944,
- Tetracycline (skin infections) 1953
- Mitomycin (chemotherapy drug for treating several different types of cancers) 1956
- Followed by other antibiotics such as streptomycin (tuberculosis) 1944,
- Tetracycline (skin infections) 1953
- Mitomycin (chemotherapy drug for treating several different types of cancers) 1956
49 of 55
Charles Booth
- Made a report after an investigation into public health in the 20th century
- Report was called: Life and Labour of the People in London
- Found around 30% of Londoners so poor that they didn't have enough money to eat properly, despite having full time
- Report was called: Life and Labour of the People in London
- Found around 30% of Londoners so poor that they didn't have enough money to eat properly, despite having full time
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Seebohm Rowntree
- Also made a report following an investigation into public health in the 20th century
- His report was about York
- Report was called: A study of Town Life
- found 28% of population didn't have minimum amount of money to live on at some time in their lif
- His report was about York
- Report was called: A study of Town Life
- found 28% of population didn't have minimum amount of money to live on at some time in their lif
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Sir William Beveridge
- Key economist and social reformer
- His report led to the creation of the NHS
- 1942, wrote a report about the state of Britain
- Report known as the Beveridge report
- Sold over 100,000 copies in its first month of publication
- Said people had right
- His report led to the creation of the NHS
- 1942, wrote a report about the state of Britain
- Report known as the Beveridge report
- Sold over 100,000 copies in its first month of publication
- Said people had right
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Sir William Beveridge
- Five giants:
- disease
- want (need)
- ignorance
- idleness
- squalor (very poor living conditions)
- Report suggested ways of improving life quality
- Said government should take charge of of social security from cradle to the grave
- disease
- want (need)
- ignorance
- idleness
- squalor (very poor living conditions)
- Report suggested ways of improving life quality
- Said government should take charge of of social security from cradle to the grave
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Aneurin Bevan
- Labour politician
- Labour minister for health
- Introduced the NHS in 1948
- Overcame opposition from Doctors who didn't wish to come under government control or lose income
- Labour minister for health
- Introduced the NHS in 1948
- Overcame opposition from Doctors who didn't wish to come under government control or lose income
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Andreas Vesalius
- - 1545 Thomas Geminus copied Vesalius' illustrations
- Put them in a manual for barber surgeons, Compendiosa
- Added text from de Mondeville's SUrgery (1312)
- Compendiosa very popular in England, three editions published between 1545 and 1559
- Put them in a manual for barber surgeons, Compendiosa
- Added text from de Mondeville's SUrgery (1312)
- Compendiosa very popular in England, three editions published between 1545 and 1559
55 of 55
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
- Developed theory of four humours into the theory of opposites (opposite humour used to treat humour that is out of balance)
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
- Strongly supported by the church
- Discovered that the brain controls what we do (speech)
Back
Galen
Card 3
Front
- Most famous surgeon in Medieval England
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and surgical instruments
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
- Surgical manual, Practica 1376, contained illustrations of operations and surgical instruments
- Practica based on Greek and Arab knowledge and experience in hundred year war between England and France
Back
Card 4
Front
- Used opium and henbane to dull pain
- Charged large fee for an operation
- Developed treatment for anal absecess (swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons from lower-class barbe
- Charged large fee for an operation
- Developed treatment for anal absecess (swelling with pus) common in Knights that spent long time on horseback
- Set up an association to separate surgeons from lower-class barbe
Back
Card 5
Front
- French Army Surgeon
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- In 1552 appointed surgeon to Henri II of France
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories throughout his li
- He developed new ways to treat gunshot wounds as they were believed to be poisonous
- In 1552 appointed surgeon to Henri II of France
- After he retired from the army he published many of his ideas and theories throughout his li
Back
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