History-Germany

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Who was the ruler of Germany during WW!?
Kaiser Willhelm II
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Which communist encouraged an uprising in 1918?
Kurt Eisner
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Why were many Germans starving?
The allies had set up a naval blockade and stopped imports of food reaching Germany.
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When did Kaiser Willhelm II abdicate?
9th November 1918
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When was the amistice signed?
11th November 1918
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How was Germany governed until 1919
By a government consisting of the SPD (social democratic party), and the USPD and was called the Council of people's representatives.
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Which Government was then formed
In January 1919 the Council Of People's Representatives organised elections to create a new government. It was called The Weimar Republic.
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What were the powers of the president in the Weimar Republic?
A president was elected every 7 years. They choose the chancellor (the leader of the Weimar government) and can stop the Reichstag, call new elections and suspend the constitution. They could also use aritle 48 to pass laws without govenrment,
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What was the Reichstag?
It was the German parliament, elected every 4 years or when a president calls it using a percentage based representation system, called proportional representation.
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What were the issues with the Reichstag?
Proportional representation meant most parties had seats and there were many disagreements within the Reichstag. Only 0.4% of the vote was needed for a seat
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What was the Reichstrat
It consists of local leaders and can delay (not permanently) measures created by the Reichstag
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How was article 48 misused
Presidents could use it to pass laws without the Reichstag, whilst intended for emergencies it was used to get around disgreements and made the Reichstag look weak as it undermined democracy.
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When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
June 1919
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Why did people hate the treaty?
Germany had to accept blame for the law (which the Germans disagreed with) their military was reduced to 100k men with no tanks aircraft or subs, 6 warships only and harsh reparations (£6600 million) that caused high taxes and left many Germans poor
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Why else did people hate the treaty?
Germany lost land, to Poland and others and could not move any forces into the Rhineland. Many Germans felt vulnerable due to the weak military.
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Why did Germany feel betrayed by the Weimar Republic?
They blames the republic and president Ebert for signing the treaty which they called a "Diktat" a treaty forced upon Germany. Due ton propaganda some people thought Germany could have won the war.
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Why was there discontent in Germany?
Due to the harsh reparations and damages from the war many Germans were poor and with an influenza epidemic spreading it didn't look good, Many were also upset about the "November Criminals" signing the Treaty of Versailles.
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Why were there rebllions?
Both the extreme left and right were against the moderate Weimar and plotted to secure a stronger dictatorship.
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What was the Spartacists revolt?
It was a revolution by the extreme left. It was led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg in January 1919 in Berlin
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What happened in the Spartacists revolt?
50,000 workers went on strike and captured buildings such as news stations to spread the word and other key buildings. President Ebert feared they would take over and the army wasn't strong enough
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What happened in the Spartacists revolt? - continued
President Ebert requested the help of the right wing army, the freikorps to help stop the rebellion. Over 100 people were killed and the revolution was stopped.
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What was the Kapp Putsch?
In March 1920 some of the Freikorps, led by Wolfgang Kapp led another revolution in Berlin.
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Why did the right wind participate in the kapp Putsch?
They wanted to install a strong totalitarian government
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What happened in the Kapp Putsch?
The Freikorps marched into Berlin trying to overthrow the Weimar regime, they too took over buildings but were eventually stopped by a mass strike. Kapp had to give up.
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What happened when Germany failed to pay reparations in 1923?
France and Belgium decided to take resources instead, occupying the Ruhr, the richest industrial area in Germany producing coal and iron. A mass strike was held.
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How did Germany try to solve it's debt problem?
Printing a lot of money
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What issue did printing money lead to in 1923?
Hyperinflation - example - in 1918 an egg costed 1/4 of a mark, but in November 1923 it costed 80 million marks.
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What were the consequences of hyperinflation?
Germany's currency became worthless. Nobody wanted to trade and food shortages worsened. Bank savings also became worthless making the middle class the worst hit.
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Who became the Chancellor in 1923?
Gustav Stresemann
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When was the Ruhr strike ended and why?
September 1923, to reduce international tensions.
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What new currency was introduced in November 1923?
The Rentenmark, later to become the Reichsmark with the introduction of the Reichsbank.
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What did Stresemann create to allow Government to work quickly?
The great coalition was created and consisted of moderate pro-democracy socialist parties.
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When did Stresemann become foreign minister?
November 1923
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What was the Dawes plan?
It was a plan created by an American banker-Charles Dawes- that helped Germany pay reparations, by introducing a new currency, reducing American reparations and giving Germany loans.
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How much did the USA agree to lend Germany to help them pay off other debts?
£40 million
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What was the downside of the Dawes plan?
It relied on American loans.
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What was the locarno pact?
Germany agreed to respect / acknowledge the French and Belgian borders set out in the treaty of Versailles. It showed international co-operation, improved relations and allowed them to later join the League of Nations
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When did Germany join the League of Nations?
1926 - re-established Germany as an international power, improved relations.
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What was the Kelogg-Briand pact?
A treaty signed by Germany and another 65 nations in 1928 promising not to settle disputes with violence. Superficial, however it was further international co-operation and improved relations further.
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What was the Young Plan?
It was a plan agreed in 1929. The allies agreed to reduce the reparations to a quarter of the original amount, and Germany was given more time (59 years) to pay them.
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When did Stresemann die?
October 1929
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What dealt catastrophic damage to the German economy in 1929?
The Wall Street Crash
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Why was the Wall Street Crash so deadly to the German economy?
They relied on American loans, the Americans having to deal with their economical depression couldn't afford to, which led to economic devastation once again in Germany.
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How did life improve for Germans during "the golden years" of the Weimar republic?
Unemployment wasn't as devastating as before with the government implementing unemployment insurance in 1927. The working class became more prosperous. Housing also improved with 2 million houses being built between 1924 and 1931.
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How did life improve for Germans during "the golden years" of the Weimar republic? 2
Women had more freedoms gaining the vote and being able to enter politics more easily. 112 Women elected between 1919 and 1932.
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When did Hitler become the leader of the Nazi party?
July 1921
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Why did Hitler rise to the top of the Nazi party?
He had exceptional speaking skills and brought in crowds to hear him
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Who did the Nazis blame for the poor state of Germany?
The Communists and the Jews
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Why did the Nazis policies appeal to Germans?
Many Germans were poor and didn't know who to blame, the Nazis gave a scapegoat that could be given responsibility. Many Germans hated the treaty of Versailles and their policies of improving the economy, education and pensions appealed to Germans
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In what year were the SA formed?
1921- Military made them powerful, some feared them and some admired how it made them seem organised , disciplined and gave them a military feel.
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What was the Munich Putsch?
In 1923 the Weimar Republic was in a crisis with thee hyperinflation and previous revolutions that it had barely survived. In November 1923 the Nazis attempted their own revolt in Munich.
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What happened in the Munich Putsch?
Hitler and his SA occupied a beer hall where the SA were meeting. He announced that the revolution had begun. He then marched into Munich on the next day but the Police were ready , the revolt quickly collapsed and Hitler was jailed.
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In what ways was the Munich Putsch a success?
It gave Hitler publicity. He wrote mein kampf which was vital in spreading Nazi ideology to millions of Germans,
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Why did Nazi popularity decrease in the mid 1920s?
As the economy was becoming more stable, people didn't feel the need for an extremist government with such radical views.
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When did Hitler re-establish the Nazi party?
In Februrary 1925, when he was released from prison.
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How did Hitler's tactics change?
He wanted to gain control through democracy instead.
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How was the Nazi party reformed?
He ensured it was clear that he was the leader in a meeting in 1926 in bamberg. He created gauletiers that would only answer him to control cerrtan regions throughout the country. Propaganda increased and in 1926 the SA was reformed to spread it.
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How was the Nazi party reformed? 2
Organisations such as the Hitler Youth were created to attract younger voters. This was all funded by companies that feared the communists and agreed with Nazi views.
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Card 2

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Which communist encouraged an uprising in 1918?

Back

Kurt Eisner

Card 3

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Why were many Germans starving?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When did Kaiser Willhelm II abdicate?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

When was the amistice signed?

Back

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