HISTORY - ENFORCING LAW AND ORDER

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  • Created by: hollyp123
  • Created on: 09-06-19 16:29
What was the medieval system of policing based on?
Community action.
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What were adult men grouped into?
Groups of ten called tithings.
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What happened if one of the men broke the law?
The others had to bring him to court.
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What was the 'hue and cry'?
Raising the alarm by shouting out when a crime has been committed.
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What happened if a victim raised the 'hue and cry'?
Everyone who heard it was expected to help catch the criminal.
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What happened if local groups did not track down criminals? (2)
The sheriff or an agent of the King would call an armed posse to search for them.
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Who was appointed each year and why?
Two chief constables to supervise law and order in their area.
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Who had to make sure a village responded to crime properly?
The Parish Constable.
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Why was it difficult to get the medieval system of policing to work by the end of the 17th century?
Because the policing was working in rural communities but towns and cities were rapidly growing so it was hard to get it to work.
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Who maintained law and order in all counties in England and Wales?
Justices of the Peace (JPs).
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What was the job of the JP? (3)
Oversee & organise local parish constables and watchmen, monitor & control beggars & vagrants and administer the new Poor Laws after 1601.
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What did JPs enforce?
Government and local government orders and punish those who disobeyed.
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How long did JPs often serve their communities?
Many years.
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How did they become JPs?
They were elected each year.
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Who were JPs assisted by?
Watchmen and Parish Constables.
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Who were Parish Constables appointed by?
JPs.
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How long did they hold their post for? Were they paid?
One year, unpaid.
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What was their main role? (2)
Keep order in the area and to catch and arrest those who broke the law.
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What could the Constable also do?
Call on the people to give him assistance?
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When did Watchmen patrol the towns?
At night.
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What did Watchmen have the power to do? (2)
Challenge strangers and arrest criminals.
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What were the Watchmen expected to do?
Carry this out on a voluntary basis as they were unpaid.
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What did Watchmen carry? Did they have a uniform?
A bell, a lantern and a weapon. They had no uniform.
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What was not as effective in London by the mid-17th century?
The old medieval method of using unpaid local people to enforce law and order.
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What act did Charles II pass and in what year?
1663 - created a force of paid watchmen to patrol the streets of the growing city.
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What did these people become known as?
Charleys.
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What was the pay and the people who took the job like?
Pay was low and was often done by those that were incapable of finding work elsewhere.
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What did people do to the Charleys?
Ridicule them.
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They were the first law officers that were...
paid for by public money.
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What were thief takers?
Unofficial law officers or crime fighters.
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What did thief takers do?
They captured criminals and claimed the reward money for the return of their stolen goods.
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Who was Charles Hitchen, when did he operate, and what did he do?
1675 - 1727: used his position as Under City Marshal for London to police the streets of Central London, arresting prostitutes, vagrants & unlicensed tradesmen. He abused his position demanding bribes from brothels and pickpockets to prevent arrests.
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When was Charles Hitchen arrested and when did he die?
1727, died in prison that year.
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Who was Jonathon Wild, when did he operate, and what did he do?
1683 - 1725: acquired the nickname 'Thief Taker General of Great Britain and Ireland'. He originally worked under Hitchen.
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What did Wild set up and what did he do?
His own network of criminals, employing them to steal goods, arresting the culprit and then returning the stolen goods to the original owner for a reward.
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When was Wild arrested and when did he die?
1725, found guilty of various charges and hanged at Tyburn.
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Who created the Bow Street Runners?
Henry and John Fielding.
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What did JPs set ip in the 18th century to try to reduce crime?
Professional police forces.
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What idea did they develop?
'Preventative policing' - stop crime being committed.
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What idea gradually developed about policing?
It should be the responsibility of the government.
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Why did people oppose the idea of a national police force? (3)
It would limit individual freedom and liberty by allowing the government to interfere, give police too much power which they could use to limit the rights of individuals, and be very expensive & cause taxes to rise.
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When was the Metropolitan Police set up?
1829.
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When did it become compulsory to set up police forces across the country?
1856.
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How did a fear of revolution bring about a change in public opinion?
The first half of the 19th century was marked by a series of protests, riots and uprisings which forced the gov. to call out the arms to put down these abuses of law and order.
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How did increased crime & increased fear of crime bring about a change in public opinion?
The crime rate increased during the early 19th century, particularly for violent crime.
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How did inadequacies of the existing system bring about a change in public opinion?
JPs, constables and watchmen were unable to deal with the rise in crime in the rapidly expanding industrial towns and cities.
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How did increasing government involvement bring about a change in public opinion?
Victorian governments became increasingly involved in reforming and changing life in Britain.
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What caused the reputation of the police to steadily improve?
The benefits of having an organised police force came to be appreciated.
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How many policemen did England and Wales have by the end of the 19th century?
46,800.
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How many separate forces did England and Wales have by the end of the 19th century?
243.
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What was the basic role of the police by the start of the 20th century?
Maintaining public order and preventing crime.
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What then changed rapidly?
The methods and resources available to the police.
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When were women first used in the police force?
WW1.
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When were the first official women police constables appointed?
1919.
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What happened from 1946 for women police officers?
They did not have to resign if they got married.
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What happened from 1973 for women?
They were permitted to become detectives.
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How many separate police forces were there in 1900?
200.
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What has this reduced to in 2000?
43.
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What has this helped to spread?
Resources more effectively and be more cost effective.
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What was community policing given a boost by?
Initiatives designed to assist the police.
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What was set up in 1982? What did it do?
Neighbourhood Watch Schemes - organised groups of local people to prevent crime in their neighbourhood.
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What was set up in 2002? What did it help tackle?
Police Community Support Officers - helped tackle minor crime and anti-social behaviour.
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What was police pay the same as in 1900?
The same as a skilled manual worker's.
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What do pay rises now attract?
A wider range of applicants to courses in specialist colleges.
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What was set up in 1947 to train officers?
The National Police Training College.
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When was fingerprinting first used?
1901.
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What was set up following the first use of fingerprinting?
A national register of fingerprints.
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What was introduced in 1995?
The National Automatic Fingerprint Identification System.
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Who attends crime scenes and what do they do?
Scenes of Crime Officers (SOCOs) - they examine and gather forensic evidence.
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What do SOCOs carry out tests on? (5)
Hair, skin, dust, fibres from clothing and traces of blood to match them to a suspect.
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What has the police depended on since the 1980s?
DNA and genetic fingerprinting.
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What does DNA help solve?
Crimes and past, unresolved crimes.
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What was established in 1995?
A DNA National Database.
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Name two reasons why the level of trust for police has wandered.
The police have to enforce unpopular laws such as motoring offences and some people see the police as being too powerful and too intrusive.
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Name another two reasons why the level of trust for police has wandered.
They are sometimes accused of 'picking' on certain sections of society such as ethnic minorities or young people, and a few policemen have been shown to be corrupt, dishonest or incompetent.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What were adult men grouped into?

Back

Groups of ten called tithings.

Card 3

Front

What happened if one of the men broke the law?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the 'hue and cry'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What happened if a victim raised the 'hue and cry'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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