HISTORY - CHINA CASE STUDY

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  • Created by: hollyp123
  • Created on: 10-06-19 12:51
What was Merthyr in 1750?
A small village.
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What had it grown to become by 1851, and what was its population?
Largest town in Wales, pop. = 4,378.
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What was the reason for this dramatic growth?
The development of the iron industry.
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What were the four large ironworks in Merthyr?
Dowlais, Plymouth, Cyfarthfa and Penydarren.
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Who controlled Dowlais ironworks?
John Guest.
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Who controlled Plymouth ironworks?
The Hill Family.
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Who controlled Cyfarthfa ironworks?
The Crawshay Family.
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Who controlled the Penydarren ironworks?
The Homfray Family.
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Name two reasons for this dramatic growth.
Merthyr contained plentiful supplies of raw materials needed to make iron - coal, ironstone & water, and development of transport links: opening of the Glamorgan canal linking Merthyr to the port of Cardiff in 1784.
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Name another three reasons for this dramatic growth.
Construction of the Taff Vale Railway which opened in 1841, enterprising industrialists such as the Guest & Crawshay families, and a rapidly expanding population to service its labour needs.
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What brought about the decline of Merthyr's industrial development in the 19th century?
The development of the steel industry.
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Why was Merthyr not suited to the new steel industry?
Its ironstone was not of the right quality.
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Where were new steelworks built? (5)
Along the coast at Port Talbot, Neath, Swansea, Aberavon and Briton Ferry.
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Why was there a sharp rise in Merthyr's population? (2)
Availability of jobs and a demand for workers in the ironworks, coal mines and iron ore quarries.
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Who built houses for the workers?
The ironmasters.
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There were no ... to regulate this expansion.
Planning laws.
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What did the town quickly become? (3)
Overcrowded, filthy and unhealthy.
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Who could afford slightly better housing? What did the houses have? (3)
Skilled workers. 2/3 bedrooms, no bathroom and the toilet was outside in the yard.
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Where did unskilled workers live?
In poorer quality homes in the 'Courts' - houses built around a square with a yard in the centre, all had to share a toilet.
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Where was the poorest of all housing?
In the 'cell-dwellings' - the cellars were the basement in a three storey building.
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What were they like? (3)
Damp, dark and often windowless.
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What was the population of Merthyr in 1750?
400.
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What was the population of Merthyr in 1831?
22,000.
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What was the population of Merthyr in 1861?
51,949.
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Name three reasons why poor housing was a major cause of disease and illness.
The supply of clean water was inconsistent and wells often dried up during the summer, many of the houses lack proper sanitation or a supply of clean water, and Merthyr experienced four outbreaks of cholera - 1832, 1849, 1854 and 1866.
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Name another reason why poor housing was a major cause of disease and illness.
Outbreaks of disease were frequent. Due to overcrowded, damp and dirty housing, tuberculosis was ever present, as were frequent outbreaks of smallpox, typhoid, scarlet fever and measles.
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Name another two reasons why poor housing was a major cause of disease and illness.
The water supply was frequently contaminated by sewage & rubbish; sewage from houses was emptied on the streets, there was no refuse collection and streets were covered in filth & rubbish.
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What did ironmasters do when the price of iron fell?
Reduced wages.
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When were the times of Depression in the 19th century? (4)
1815-16, 1833, 1842 and 1847-48.
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How much were wages cut by during times of Depression?
40%.
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What did this cut in pay add to?
Poverty.
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How often were workers paid?
Once a month.
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What did some ironmasters pay part of the wages in?
Special tokens.
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Where could these special tokens only be spent?
In the company's 'Tommy Shops'.
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How did these truck shops encourage workers to go into debt?
By allowing them to 'buy on loan'.
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What did this often result in?
Workers appearing before a debtors' court - the Court of Requests.
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When were crime rates higher? (4)
During time of depression, wage cuts, poor harvests or high food prices.
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What were crimes caused by poverty?
Normally acts of theft such as stealing clothing, food, coal or pickpocketing.
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What were crimes connected to the ironworks?
Usually involved the theft of company property, most commonly coal.
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What were crimes associated with leisure time?
Usually related to drunkenness, disorderly behaviour and assault.
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What were crimes of a sexual nature?
The most common crime in this category was 'stealing from a person' by the town's prostitutes, especially in the slum areas of China & Pontstonehouse.
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What was China referred to as?
'Little Hell'.
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What was China full of by the 1840s? (5)
Drunkards, thieves, rogues, prostitutes and their minders.
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Who ruled the China region? What were the most powerful ones called?
Criminals - 'Emperor' and 'Empress'.
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What was the policing of China like?
Poor and constables entered the district at their peril.
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What was the most common crime in China?
Petty theft, linked to prostitution.
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How many prostitutes were operating in China in 1839-40?
Over 60.
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Who were they encouraged by, and what were they encouraged to do?
Their minders encouraged them to get their clients drunk and then steal from them.
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Name three well-known prostitutes and their nicknames.
Margaret Llewellyn (Peggy Two Constables), Jane Thomas (Big Jane) and Margaret Evans (The Buffalo).
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What did their minders do? (2)
Protect them and also negotiated their quick release should they be arrested.
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What did China also contain? (2) Who were they supervised by?
'Rodnies', or child thieves, and pickpockets who were supervised by Fagin-like gang masters.
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What happened during the 1840s in Merthyr? (2)
Efforts were made to clean up China and restore law and order.
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How many criminals were arrested between May 1846 and May 1847? Give two examples.
Over 50, including Emperor Benjamin Richards and the Empress Anne Evans.
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The Ceffyl Pren was used to punish who in China? What was she accused of?
Anne Harman in 1834 - accused of being unfaithful to her husband on several ocassions.
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What was established in 1841?
The Glamorgan Constabulary.
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China was in decline by what year? Why?
1860 - continued police harassment and stricter sentences were having an impact.
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What had happened by the 1870s?
Many professional criminals had moved on to Cardiff for richer pickings.
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What did it take for authorities to fund the setting up of a police force in Merthyr? (2)
Several instances of serious rioting and a rise in crime.
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Whose responsibility was it to maintain law and order? (2)
JPs and the Parish Constables.
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When did the system operate effectively?
When Merthyr was a hamlet.
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When did the system become overwhelmed and why?
A sudden rise in population in the early 19th century.
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In what years did disturbances and rioting break out in Merthyr?
1800, 1816, 1831.
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Why was there a disturbance/riot in Merthyr in 1800? What happened?
High food prices & shortages following a poor harvest resulted in the outbreak of disturbances in Merthyr. Penydarren ironwork truck shop was attacked. Took arrival of soldiers (the 7th Dragoons) to end the rioting.
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Why was there a disturbance/riot in Merthyr in 1816? What happened?
A depression in the iron industry resulted in a 40% reduction in wages for ironworkers. This, together with a sharp rise in food prices, caused the outbreak of rioting in the town.
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Who restored order in Merthyr? Where did they march from?
The Glamorgan Militia, from Cardiff.
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Why was there a disturbance/riot in Merthyr in 1831? What happened?
A depression in the iron industry caused William Crawshay to cut the wages of his ironstone miners and lay off 84 puddlers, his highest paid ironworkers. Resulted in an outbreak of serious rioting.
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What happened on the 2nd of June 1831?
A crowd raided shops and houses, driving off the JPs and Special Constables.
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Where were soldiers dispatched from?
Brecon.
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What happened on the 3rd of June 1831?
A large crowd (c.7000) gathered outside the Castle Inn, the headquarters of the JPs, Constables and soldiers.
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How many people did the soldiers kill/injure? How many soldiers were wounded?
Killed = over two dozen, injured = over 70. 16 soldiers wounded.
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Where did the authorities flee to? When was law and order restored in the town?
Fled to Penydarren House, not until 6th June.
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What happened on the 13th of July 1831?
The trial took place of 28 men and women for their part in the rising.
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Of those punished, how many were sent to prison, how many were transported and who was sentences to death and why?
Most were imprisoned, 4 were transported, and Richard Lewis (Dic Penderyn) was sentenced to death for wounding a soldier, Donald Black.
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Which rising highlighted the problem of law enforcement?
The Merthyr Rising of 1831.
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How many metropolitan policemen were sent down from London and why?
3 - help organise a new force of special constables in the town.
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Who was appointed Chief Police officer of Merthyr?
Thomas Jamieson.
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When was the experiment ended?
1834.
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When was the Glamorgan County Constabulary formed? Why?
1841 - to police the industrialised parts of the county.
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Who was its Chief Constable? When was he in post?
Captain Charles Napier, 1841 - 1867.
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How many men did the force consist of? How many were assigned to Dowlais and Merthyr?
34 men, 12 assigned to Dowlais and Merthyr.
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When was a new police station opened in Merthyr?
1844.
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When was a new police station opened in Dowlais?
1862.
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When was another new police station opened in Merthyr Vale?
1898.
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Who was put in charge of the Merthyr division?
Superintendent Davies (ex-met police).
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How many men were in the new force in the first few years? How many people did they have to police?
13 officers, pop. of 46,000.
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What was one major problem?
How to retain staff when they could earn better wages in the ironworks.
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What had been established by the early 1850s?
A beat system across the town.
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What was set up in 1908?
The Merthyr Tydfil Borough Police Force.
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What happened to the level of crime by the end of the 19th century?
Had considerably reduced.
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What was in decline? What did it result in?
The iron industry - resulted in workers moving to the steelworks opening along the coast.
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What was introduced to act as a distraction away from the temptation of crime? (4)
Alternative leisure activities - the Young Men's Improvement Society, Library Association, Temperance Recreation Associations, growth in chapel attendance.
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What was having an impact on the criminal underworld?
The establishment of an organised and disciplined police force.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What had it grown to become by 1851, and what was its population?

Back

Largest town in Wales, pop. = 4,378.

Card 3

Front

What was the reason for this dramatic growth?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What were the four large ironworks in Merthyr?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who controlled Dowlais ironworks?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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