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6. What do Osteoclasts secrete?

  • PTH & fibrin
  • Collagen type I & proteoglycans
  • Organic acids & proteolytic enzymes
  • Collagen type II & elastin

7. Cortical bone forms what layer(s)?

  • The inner layer of long bone only
  • The outer layer of long bone & outer plate of flate bone
  • The outer layer of long bone only
  • The inner layer of long bone & inner plate of flate bone

8. What are Volkmann's canals?

  • The connecting systems between Haversion canals & bone cavities only
  • The connecting systems between Haversion canals & the periosteum only
  • The connecting systems between Haversion canals, bone cavities & the periosteum
  • The connecting systems between Haversion canals only

9. What is the main role of Osteocytes?

  • To maintain the bone ECM
  • To explode spontaneously
  • To differentiate into Osteoblasts
  • To form lacunae

10. True or flase: Bone remodelling is the reorganisation of bone structure by a balanced process of resorption and deposition of ECM?

  • Bonjour
  • False
  • True
  • Pass

11. What is the main function of the inorganic minerals in the bone ECM?

  • Causes generation of Osteoblasts
  • Causes generation of Osteoclasts
  • Binds to and mineralises the Osteoid
  • Causes generation of Osteocytes

12. What is contained in the bone cavities?

  • Bone marrow, vessels & lymphatics
  • Vessels, nerves & lymphatics
  • Bone marrow, vessels & nerves
  • Bone marrow, nerves & lymphatics

13. What makes up the majority of the inorganic minerals of the bone ECM (hint: aka Hydroxyapatite crystals)?

  • Magnesium phosphate complexes
  • Magnesium nitrate complexes
  • Calcium phosphate complexes
  • Sodium fluoride complexes

14. In broad terms, bone tissue consists of four elements. Whatare they?

  • Periosteum, Endosteum, Bone matrix, Bone cells
  • Epiosteum, Endosteum, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts
  • Periosteum, Epiosteum, Endosteum, ECM
  • Endosteum, Hyposteum, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

15. Whatis the Endosteum?

  • A layer of bone stem & forming cells that line the bone cavities and are important for maintaining the central bone cavity
  • A layer of bone stem & forming cells that line the bone cavities and are important for bone growth, remodelling & repair
  • A layer of bone destroyal cells that line the bone cavities and are important for mainting the central bone cavity
  • A layer of bone destroyal cells that line the bone cavities and are important for bone remodelling

16. True or false: in cancellous/trabecular bone, the density of the trabeculae varies in order to provide maximum strength?

  • True
  • False
  • Pass
  • Gd'day mate

17. Where are Osteoprogenitor cells located?

  • Periosteum, Endosteum & ECM
  • Periosteum & Endosteum only
  • Endosteum only
  • Periosteum only

18. Which of the following stimulates activity of Osteoclasts?

  • Calmodulin
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Calcitonin

19. Which of the following is an example of a flatbone?

  • Scapula
  • Hyoid
  • Tibia
  • Humerus

20. Which of the following best describes the appearance of Osteoblasts in adults?

  • Large, round cells with high activity
  • Slender, fibrocyte-like cells with low activity
  • Large, round cells with low activity
  • Slender, fibrocyte-like cells with high activity