Henry VIII Key Info

Henry's break from his father

Kept some key advisors, eg Fox, tricked Henry into signing turce with France 1510, then at war by 1512. Executed Empson & Dudley. Married Catherine, chivalrous.

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Henry & War

Claim to French throne. Glory & valour. 1512 invaded France. Expedition 1513, focused of Calais, lay siege to Tournai. Battle of Spurs, propoganda victory. French pension, kept conquests. Mary married Louis XII

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Domestic policy

Thomas Wolsey organised 1513 expedition. By 1514, all matters referred to him, 1515, Chancellor & Cardinal. Lavish spending on vibrant court.

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Henry's aims

Military glor. Claim to French throne. Succession & dynasty. Uniting England & Scotland. Protecting England.

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English policy, 1515-1520

Treasury almost empty. 1519, new rulers, Charles I of Spain, Francis I of France, greater resources. Mary married Duke of Suffolk. French victory in Italy at Marignano. Peace between France, Spain & Emperor left England isolated.

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Treaty of London

1518. Hijacked papal initiave to launch crusade against Turks, turned into Treaty of London. Had to return Tournai. Pivotal power in Europe, glory.

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Field of Cloth of Gold, 1520

Charles I visited England, May 1520. Met Francis I near Calais. Cost a years income, little diplomatic impact. War with France by 1521.

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War with France

Army to France, 1523. Cost £400,000, a years income, forced to make peace. Battle of Pavia, 1525, Charles captured Francis, chance to claim throne, but couldn't raise funds.

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Diplomatic revolution

England allied with France with Treaty of More, August 1525. League of Cognac to reverse Pavia, reinforced by Treaty of Westminster & Treaty of Amiens. Declared war against Spain, 1528, England invited to talks last minute.

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Great matter

1527, Charles captures Pope. Catherine Charle's aunt. 1527-1533

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Wolsey's domestic policy

Hard working & talented. Supported Henry's aggressive foreign policy. King not interested in domestic affairs. Chief minister 1514. 1518, Papal Legate, confirmed for life 1524.

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Legal reforms

Civil law more important than common. Heard large number of cases. Cheap & impartial justice. Star Chamber heard cases against the powerful. Court of Chancery heard cases by poor. Abused system, eg. Sir Amyas Paulet, threatened to confiscate land.

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Financial reforms

Subsidy replaced 15th & 10th. 1523, raised only £300,000 of £800,00 target. Amicable Grant led to unrest in E.A (10,000 men). £820,000 through taxes, didn't meet £1.7million spent 1509-20.

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Wolsey's forced loans

2 forced loans, 1522-23, raised £200,000. £322,000 in subsidies. £240,000 in clerical tax.

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Social reform

Champion of poor, eg. Enclosure enquiry 1517, action against 264 between 1518-19, 222 in court, 188 verdicts reached. 1523, accepted all existing enclosures in return for parliamentary subsidary.

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Administration reform

Called parliament twice, 1515( problems with church), 1523(didn't raise enough). 1525, Eltham Ordinances, eg. William Compton went from groom of stool to treasurer of the exchequer. Number of men of the Bedchamber reduced from 12 to 6.

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Church's condition under Wolsey

Legatus a Latere, pluralist & absentee. 1520's dissolved 20 smaller monasteries for educational reform. 1519, visted 60 religious houses, issued new Augustinian canons. Hunne case 1510's. Some argued need reform/ or flourishing.

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Evidence church had support

Ordination rates high. Only disquiet in South-East over paying tithes. Literature bought in urban areas, eg. 37 editions of Primer 1510-1520. Louth parishioners raised £305 for new steeple. 57% Devon & Cornwall left money in wills, 1520-29.

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Concerns about church

1511, Dean of St Pauls, John Colet preached sermon attacking clerical abuses. Pluralism Eg. Thomas Magnus Canon at Windsor & Vicar of Kendal (& many others)

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Need for a divorce

Against God's will, hadn't produced male heir. If marriage to Catherine illegitimate, Mary woukd be. Last pregnancy 1518, over 40. Henry Fitzroy ran Council of the North 1525. In love with Anne Boleyn.

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Why did obtaining the divorce fail?

Capture of pope, 1527. Pope wouldn't admit predecessor made a mistake. Catherine's advisors found version which satisified objections. Hear case in England, but Campeggio delayed, suspending court July 1529.

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Wolsey's fall from power

Promsied divorce would be easy. Boleyn faction arguing Wolsey delaying. Praemunire against Wolsey, imprisoned, died 29th November 1530. 1516, Star Chamber, nobility not above law, eg. Earl of Northumberland sent to Fleet prison.

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Changes, 1529-1536

Act in Restraint of Annates, 1532. 1533-34, abolish papal power: Act in Restraint of Appeals 1533. Act of Supremacy 1534. Stopped payments to Rome.

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Religious developments, 1536-1539

Act of Ten Articles 1536, rejected 4/7 sacraments. Royal injunctions 1536, attacked pilgrimages. Bishops Book 1537, reduced importance of mass & purgatory. Matthew's Bible, 1537. Royal injunctions 1538, English bibles, discouraged pilgrimages.

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Evidence of Catholicism 1536-1539

John Lamber executed for denying transubstantiation 1538, Anne Askew in 1546. Six Articles 1539 confirmed transubstantiation, forbade communion in both kinds.

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Religious developments, 1539-1543

Presence at Eucharist. Restricted access to Bible with 1543 Act for Advancement of True Religion. Conservative King's Book 1543.

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Religious developments, 1543-1547

Regency Council dominated by Protestants, John Cheke as Edward's tutor. Majority of population Catholic.

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Opposition to religious change

Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536. Objections from Thomas More, John Fisher, some monks & friars.

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2 phases of Dissolution

Smaller monasteries with income under £200 closed 1536. Larger houses closed 1539-40, last was Waltham Abbey March 1540.

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Condition of Monasteries

Valor Ecclesiasticus, 1535 census, poor spiritual condition, smaller houses described as 'decayed'. Praised larger houses, but all closed within 4 years. £1.3million from Dissolution.

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Religious motives

Upheld traditional religious beliefs, eg. purgatory. Been dissolved in Germany & Scandinavia.

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Financial motives

'Richest man in Christendom'. Feared Catholic Crusade, built fortifications across South Coast.

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Opposition to dissolution

Pilgrimage of Grace 1536. 40,000 men, greater than 8,000 Henry could raise. Bigod's rebellion in Cumberland suppressed, October 1536 to February 1537.

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Demands of rebels

Banner of 5 Wounds of Christ, restored some monasteries. Poor harvest 1535-6. Enclosure in York. Complained of rents. 1534 subsidy in peacetime. Complaints about Cromwell. Mary excluded from succession.

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Rise & fall of Thomas Cromwell

Secured Royal Supremacy & Dissolution of the monasteries. Elton in 1530's 'Tudor revolution in government'. Arrest & tried for treason June 1540, executed month later.

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Reasons for fall

Heresy, introuduce fully Protestant church, but unlikely. France & Habsburgs made England isolated, fear of Catholic crusade after excommunication 1538. Failure of marriage to Anne of Cleves, execution same day, July 1540 .Catholic faction.

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Faction in 1540's

Fall of Cromwell June 1540. Some say controlled by faction, others say in complete control.

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Fall of Catherine Howard

Opponents of Norfolk & Gardiner, Cramenr told Henry of adultery. Catherine executed. Not tyrant as allowed Norfolk to withdraw from court.

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Attacks on Cramner

Vulnerable after fall of Cromwell. Henry ordered Cramner to investigate charges himself, dropped. Wanted to show Henry was in control.

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Arrest of Catherine Parr

Sympathised with reformist beliefs. Agreed to follow Henry's views. Henry in control.

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Fall of Gardiner & Norfolk

Earl of Surrey executed for Coat of Arms. Triumph of reformists. Norfolk arrested & imprisoned, would have been executed if Henry hadn't died.

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Foreign Policy in 1540's

Cost £2million, still a failure. Debasement.

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Aims in Scotland

Arranged to meet James V in York, 1541, didn't show, went to war 1542.

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Long-term grievances against Scotland

James remained loyal to France in 1530's depsite BwR. Protected rebels after PoG. Border raids after England signed Anglo-Imperial Alliance 1542. Defeated at Solway Mass November 1542. Rough wooing, 1544-45 failed. Edward & Mary.

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Henry's aims with France

Gained Boulogne 1544, boosted glory. Made peace with Treaty of Camp 1546, England to keep Boulogne for 7 years, pay outstanding pension payments.

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Assessment of foreign policy in 1540's

Debasement, heavy taxation, forced loans, borrowing on Antwerp market. Habsburgs made peace with France. Auld Alliance strengthened friendship. French fleet attacked Isle of Wight.

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Left Country in crisis, Yes:

In debt. Left crown to minor. No clear religion.

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No:

£1 million raised through reformation. Privy council reduced to 19. French pension.

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Henry VIII Key Info

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