Henry VIII - Government

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What was Henry VIII's court like?
His court was the centre of government and politics, as well as projecting his aura of majesty.
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What was Henry's views on the freedom of nobility?
His father had oppressed nobility by limiting many government positions+replacing them with administrators+tight financial control. Henry VIII did the opposite, encouraged talented advisors+administrators outside nobility. Viewed nobility as friends)
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How many bonds and recognisances did Henry VIII cancel and what Council did he abolish?
175 bonds + recognisances, and abolished the unpopular Council Learned in Law.
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How large was the Yorkist opposition under Henry VIII's ruling?
Yorkist opposition was less in 1509, Edmund de la Pole was in the Tower+executed in 1513 for treason eventhough he promised Maximilian he wouldn't. Younger Richard de la Pole wasn't protected by French king, but he never invaded.
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Did Henry give himself much autonomy with decision making?
Henry took major decisions himself without influence of powerful ministers. He moved administration of finances into his private court rooms.
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What did the Justice of Peace do?
Like Henry VII, they were used to control local government rather than rely on nobles.
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What was the Privy Chamber?
It became the king's household, but with own separate existence. When dining in Privy Chamber, only most intimate advisors+courtiers could join. The 20 gentlemen of the PC had access to the King, gave advice on matters of state+travelled with him.
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Who and how much control did Henry VIII delegate to advisers?
Unlike Henry VII who heavily involved in the unglamorous functions of govt, Henry VIII delegated far greater powers to advisers, i.e. Wolsey (1515-29) + Cromwell (1532-40).
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Which Duke did Wolsey arrest due to causing the problem of factionalism?
Duke of Buckingham (only duke to survive from Henry VII) being a rival to Cardinal Wolsey. In 1520 Wolsey arrested him for alleged opinion of Henry VIII's downfall, then beheaded him.
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What was the Catholic Conservative faction in 1540 and what did they undermine?
Led by Duke of Norfolk who got power through undermining Cromwell with Six Articles and in Privy Council (and execution), allying with Henry through marriage of Cath Howard, but collapsed when she believed unfaithful by Henry.
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What was the Eltham Ordinances in 1526?
Designed to organised Privy Council finance and make Household more efficient. Wolsey used it to reduce his opponents' power in court and increase the way he could influence govt.
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What did Wolsey as Lord Chancellor increase the use of?
The Star Chamber was used infrequently (12 times per year), so Wolsey used it more and encouraged poor commoners to prosecute nobles + local officials who abused power (120 times per year).
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What did Wolsey use the Court of Requests in Westminster for?
To hear cases from the poor + championed laws to allow poor to use common land for sheep.
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Was Wolsey legally trained?
No, but he was responsible for the legal system.
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What law did Wolsey as Lord Chancellor want to promote?
Promoted civil law (based on natural justice + evidence) over common law (based on legal precedent).
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How many times did Wolsey rule with Parliament?
Only ever called two (1515+1523) - 1515 was to investigate the Hunne Case (London merchant refused to pay sons death fee so imprisoned in Bishops prison). 1523- Parliament was to agree to tax rise to finance Henry's French war.
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When did Sir Thomas More replace Wolsey as Chancellor?
In 1529 until 1532.
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Which Chancellor was sympathetic to Catherine of Argon during the on-going divorce?
Sir Thomas More.
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What government roles did Cromwell gain?
Master of the King's Jewels 1532 (access King's private rooms), Chan of Exchequer+Master of the Rolls 1533 (leading role in legal system), Vicar General 1535 (instigate Church reform), Lord Privy Seal+Principal Secretary (control over Royal Council).
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What does historian Elton (1953) believe about Henry VIII's government change?
Argued that Henry moved govt from traditional medieval personal monarchy (directly involved in decision making through offices in royal court) to bureaucratic govt (specialist departments with trained officials managing routine government matters).
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What does historian Starkey believe about Henry VIII's government change?
Believes that government expanded in the 1530's to deal with break from Rome and his need for a divorce.
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Was Henry VIII Privy Council smaller than his fathers? How many did it have? And who did it include?
Yes its smaller, includes 20 members, who are professionally trained lawyers + bureaucrats, rather than notables from nobility.
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Who did Henry VII meet with regularly?
The Royal Council of Advisers that included noblemen, clergy and King's household staff.
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Explain how Henry VIII managed finance and was it in the same way as his father?
Yes, both Henry VII and Henry VIII managed national finances through the Privy Chamber from their private rooms rather than through the Exchequer and Treasury. This gives them considerable control over all aspects of income and expenditure.
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With Cromwell as Chancellor of Exchequer what 4 new departments did he introduce due to the break with rome?
Court of Augmentations (controlled land+money formally controlled by Catholic Church), Court of General Surveyors, Court of First Fruits+Tenths (collected tax from clergy that had been sent to Rome), Court of Wards (money collected from estate minor)
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Which part of England held a semi-independent status and how was this abolished?
Durham was governed by a bishop semi-independent Palatinate, but Cromwell's 1536 Act Against Liberties+Franchises removed powers from the Bishop of Durham. Also, in the 1536 Act of Union Wales lost independence+reorganised local govt+march borderland
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What were proclamations?
Laws made by the King, either in emergency, or when Parliament not in session, they hold less significance to Statute Law (laws by Parliament with royal consent). 1539 Proclamations Act gave Kings proclamation decrees equal importance to statute law.
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What was the Act of Restraints of Appeals in 1533?
Prevented subjects appealing to Rome in judgements in religious cases, as Henry VIII was now supreme in his own lands.
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What were dry stamps and when were they used?
Dry stamps legalised documents too trivial for King, but used to amend Henry's will (still promoting Edward from Succession Act of 1544) with increased power of a Regency Council. Used due to Henry's poor health by Gentlemen of King's Privy Chamber.
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Who and how many did the House of Lords contain? What happened due to the dissolutions act?
51 Peers, 21 Bishops and 29 Abbots. After dissolution, all abbots disappeared, but bishops increased (as 4 new cathedrals) and peers increased by 55, making clergy a minority.
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Who and how many did the House of Commons contain?
Has 310 members with 74 representing counties+236 the towns+boroughs (representing lesser nobility) while borough members included merchants+royal administrators.
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Card 2

Front

What was Henry's views on the freedom of nobility?

Back

His father had oppressed nobility by limiting many government positions+replacing them with administrators+tight financial control. Henry VIII did the opposite, encouraged talented advisors+administrators outside nobility. Viewed nobility as friends)

Card 3

Front

How many bonds and recognisances did Henry VIII cancel and what Council did he abolish?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How large was the Yorkist opposition under Henry VIII's ruling?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Did Henry give himself much autonomy with decision making?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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