Henry VIII

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when did Henry VIII become king and what legacy did his father leave him?
He became king in 1509 and inherited £300,000
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what type of ruler was he?
He lacked work ethic, had little interest in government and relied heavily on others. he was very impulsive and ruthless.
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what were Henry early aims?
to establish himself as a warrior king, to re-establish the role of nobility, recognition of the Tudor dynasty and dismantle unpopular parts of his fathers reign.
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what were Henr's later aims?
use of statue law, religious change ( Break of Rome), quest for an heir and create fear- ruthlessness.
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what appointments dd he first make?
he appointed Thomas Lovell as chancellor of the Exchequer and Bishop Fox was made a trusted advisor.
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how did he dismantle aspects of his fathers rule/
execute Empson and Dudley, abolish the council learned in law and re-established the nobility.
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what type of government did he inherit before he relied on Wolsey?
he inherited a strong and effiecient concillar governemtn which was staffed by able ministers, but this was broken down in 1514 due to disagreements, so Henry relied on Wolsey.
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what was the dry stamp?
impression of Henrys signature, whch signed document on his behalve. given to only 3 trusted adviors at a time. It was documented and signed off by Henry monthly.
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what did JP'S do?
undertook unpaid tasks to maintain order and peace. opportunity for gentry to mobilise..
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How did Henry treat Nobility and how many bonds did he cancel?
he wanted to re-establish them so cancelled 175 bonds to get their support. He used Nobility to enhance prestige in court.
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what changes were there to the Privy council?
Cromwell reduced councillors to 20 men.
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what was parliament called for and how frequently was it called?
was used to secure extrodianary revenue for war etc. It was only used twice with wolsey as minister. However was used more frequently by Cromwell because he exploited it.
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Did Humanism still continue to have influence in Henry VIII's reign?
Humanism had a strong influence on uni curriculum. John colet set up these new curriculums based on Erasmus' work. Erasmus became more influential and influenced younger humanists.
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Did Lollard's continue criticism in Henry VIII's reign
Lollards critism did continue, they denied the church doctrine ad wanted the Bible in English. However they were useful for Henry in supporting his annulment.
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what is anti-clerical views of the church?
viewed that the church needed reform because the clergy within church are corrupt. Claimed some were pluralists- claimed money for church but were absent from duties.
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How did Wolsey come to power and get noticed?
Henry noticed Wolsey due to his success of organising Henry's war against France 1513
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what title was Wolsey given in 1518?
He became Papal legate. which allowed him to exercise popes powers on his behalf.
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who's the Duke of Buckingham?
One of Wolsey's enemies. Wolsey played on Henry's insecurities to get him arrested for treason. He used his position to rid of his rivals
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what happened in Wolsey national survey 1522?
he conducted a national survey to re-assess tax, this was a actual a negative for Henry because Wolsey then failed to gain goal.
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whats the 1525 Amicable Grant?
Wolsey had to indroduce heavy tax, he did this without parliaments approval. This caused large resistance and had to be abandoned which was embarrassing for Henry.
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whats the Eltham ordinances 1526 and did Wolsey maintain them?
Wolsey's acts to reduced expenditure and make fiance more efficient. However he only used this to gain influence in court and then just let it lapse afterwards.
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what was the 1516 legal form that Wolsey implemented?
he strengthened, and developed the star chamber, made it more active by encouraging commoners to use it.
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what did wolsey to do coinage 1526?
he reduced silver content in the coin, which helped ST but created LT economic depression
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what plan did Wolsey draw up in 1528 which led the way for Cromwell?
drew up plans to close small monasteries with less than 6 inmates. He dissolved 24 monasteries.
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what was the problem of Wolsey having many different positions by 1529?
he had to have a deputy fill in some of his positions. This created criticism of absenteeism.
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what treaty left Henry isolated 1517?
The treaty of Cambrai which was between France,Charles of Spain and HRE.
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what did wolsey do in 1518 to end isolation?
Implemented the treaty of London, where all countiries signed a pact to avoid war. England was at the centre of the pace treaty and all countries signed with them = ended isolation.
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what did Francis and Henry do 1520
met at the field of cloth trade where they improved there relations- cost £ 15,000
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whats the Treaty of Bruges 1521
Wolsey and Charles plan a war against France, however charles defeated France but didn't help England - used as a distinction
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Treaty of Nice 538
between Charles and Francis where they agreed to sever connections with England = weakened position
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how did henry pacify Ireland
establishing git as a separate kingdom and giving nobles peerage.
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what was the battle of Solway moss 1542?
England defeated scotland and they were weakened becuase James v died.
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how was the treaty called where Edward VI was betrothed to MQOS
The treaty of Greenwich 1543
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what did Henry wanted 1527?
An anullment to Catherine of Aragon becuase he had no male heir
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what was the three methods Wolsey did to try and get the annulnment?
Scriptual arguements- Aragon's previous marriage was consummated, so is invalid. Diplomatic manoeuvres- tried to free the pope of Charles influence by distracting the pope. Legal efforts- tried to move hearings to England because he was papal legate.
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who was Thomas moore
was appointed chancellor after wolsey 1529- poor replacement becuase he put himself first and was a humanist. he had high rigid principles so not as willing as Wolsey to be flexible. He was also sympathetic of Catherine= threat to Henry
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how was Cromwell?
he took over the managment of the kings divorce in 1532. he devised a strategy for divorce and created the COFE. Most successful
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why does Henry Pardon clergy of their crimes 1529?
does this so they wont challenge his efforts of getting a divorce and so they accept him as supreme head.
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what was Cromwell 1533 act in restraint of appeals?
denying people to appeal to the pope about decisions = prevents Catherine going to pope about annulment.
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how does cromwell grant divorce?
by establishing Henry as upreme head and implementing the act of restraint of appeals meaning he could grant divorce without the pope.
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what was the plan of break of Rome?
to free England from the popes influence and create a COFE- Move towards Protestantism. The main aim was to get Henry's divorce.
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what was the 1533 act of restraints of appeals?
no appeals could be made to Rome or the Pope. for example Catherine couldn't appeal to the pope against the annulment.
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what was the 1534 Act of succession?
Declared Mary and Elizabeth as illegitimate. To deny this you would be charged with treason.
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what was the 1534 act of succession?
Claims they Henry was always the head of Church, charged with treason for denying it.
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what was the 1534 treason act and what was its impact on the Break of Rome?
charged with treason to call henry a heretic. = decreased the opposition of the Break of Rome
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what was the act whereby the popes annates were transferred to Henry?
the 1534 act of restraint of annates
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what was the 1536 suppression acts?
idea to dissolve all monasteries so church land goes to the crown.
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how did Henry encourage the spread of protestantism?
he encouraged criticism of the pope of those who wanted reform. He also relied on Cranmer to implement protestant ideology.
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what did cromwell issue in 1536 as a way of developing Protestantism beliefs?.
he issued the 10 articles of faith that the clergy had to follow and teach their congregations.
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what did Henry distribute in 1539?
the first official translation of the bible in English. It was placed in every church and removed catholic elements.
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did Henry like the extent of religious change?
No, he personally disliked the move. He published the six articles in 1539 which reasserted catholic doctrine. = only changed religion to justify annulment.
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what did henry had to do to crown lands?
He sold 2/3's off cheaply to fund FP.
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Was Thomas Moore supportive of religious change?
No, he refused to take the oath and was executed. he was supportive of Catherine of Aragon and didn't support Henry's annulment.
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who was John Fisher?
Believed henrys actions to Catherine were wrong, refused to accept succession act = executed.
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What was the survey Cromwell did in 1535?
A commissioners survey which valued the land of monasteries.
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what was the 1536 act of dissolution of smaller monasteries?
closed all houses with less than 12 members that valued under £200 a year.
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When were the larger monasteries closed down?
Act of dissolution in 1539
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What handled the income from the monasteries?
The court of Augmentations.
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What was the financial benefits of the dissolution?
Had potential to double crown lands.
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What effect did Cromwell's Injunctions 1536 have?
worsened the Pilgramage of Grace because Gentry thought church Jewels would be confiscated.
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what were secular causes for the pilgrimage of Grace?
resentful of taxation for war with France 1513 and Wolsey's Amicable Grant
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How many rebels were involved in the POG?
40,000
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did trade develop much in Henrys reign?
no, Henry wasn't interested in developing exploration, he didn't support any merchants. so explorers funded their own expeditions.
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Card 2

Front

what type of ruler was he?

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He lacked work ethic, had little interest in government and relied heavily on others. he was very impulsive and ruthless.

Card 3

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what were Henry early aims?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what were Henr's later aims?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what appointments dd he first make?

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Preview of the front of card 5
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