Henry VII Key Info

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  • Created by: jroe99
  • Created on: 10-06-18 14:23
Henry's claim
Battle of Bosworth, 22nd August 1485. Weak claim, came from his mother, Margaret Beaufort.
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Weak position
14 years in exile, sincee 1471.
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Strong position
Richard III unpopular. Wear of war (100 year war). Didn't depend unpon noble family. Birth of Arthuer 1489.
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Importance of Bosworth
Dated reign to 21s August 1485. Coronation 30th October, before Parliament met. Papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York, after coronation. Gave Yorkist's 2nd chance, eg. Duke of Northumberland restored. Public rewards, eg. 11 Knighthoods.
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Yorkist opposition
Edward, Earl of Warwick. John de la Pole, professed loyalty & joined King's Council. Threat from Margaret of Burgundy.
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Lovell & Stafford
Lord Lovell, Humphrey & Thomas Stafford. Rebellion in Midlands & North, spring 1486. Humphrey executed, Thomas pardoned, Lovell fled. Progress to north won Henry loyalty.
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Simnel Rising
Claimed to be Earl of Warwick, threat as came within year of accession. Autumn 1486, not known till 1487. Simnel crowned Edward VI in Ireland, support from Margaret of Burgundy & Earl of lincoln. Rebels landed in Lancashire, failed to attract support
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Govenment response to Simnel
Paraded real Earl. Confronted at Stoke, 16th June 1487. Defeated.
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Perkin Warbeck
Claimed to be Richard, Duke of York. Lasted 1491-99, cost £13,000. Support from France & Burgundy. Appeared in Ireland, 1491. Welcommed at French court, then signed Treaty of Etaples, moved to Flanders. Married James IV's cousin, abandond by Scotland
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What happened to Warbeck
Gave himself up 1497. Executed 23rd Novemebr 1499.
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Latter years & security
Edmund de la Pole, 1506, handed over by Philip of Burgundy. Executed 1513, 50 Acts of Attainder passed agaisnt Yorkists. Finally secure, but death of Elixabeth on 11th February 1503, death of Arthur 2nd April 1502.
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Relations with nobility
Needed their help & advice, to enforce royal will, fill key offices. Only created 1 earl, 5 barons. Peers dropped from 57 to 44. 'Over-mighty subjects'
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Inducements
Made 37 Order of the Garters, eg. Earl of Oxford. Patronage in return for loyal service. Summons to King's Council, eg. Richard Fox, keeper of Privy Seal.
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Sanctions
Acts of Attainder, eg. 1495, Sir Stanley fined £9,000, £1,000 each year ater. Bonds & recognisances, eg. Thomas Grey of £1,000. Limits on retainers, eg. Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000. Feudal rights, eg. £350 in 1487, £6,000 by 1509.
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Success of Sanctions
Little noble unrest after Simnel. 51 Acts of Attainder 1504-09. 36/62 noble families involved in bonds & recognisances. 1509, received £42,000 from land, compared to £29,000 in 1485. Custom dues £40,000 by 1509, only £33,000 in 1485.
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Royal finances
Reorganisation of financial admin. Exploiting ordinary & extraordinary revenue. £113,000 by 1509, no where near £800,000 of French king.
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Yorkshire tax revolt
1489. Raise money for Brittany against France. Usually exempt from tax as defending northern border. Tax collector, Earl of Northumberland murdered. No tax collected.
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Cornish Rising
1497. Pay towards invasion from Warbeck. Met at Bodmin, marched to London. Crushed at Blackheath by royal army of 25,000, 15,000 rebels. Leaders executed.
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Financial admin
Back to chamber system by 1487, 80% of income went through chamber. Increased importance of Treasurer of the Chamber & Gentlemen of the Bedchamber. John Morton Chancellor 1486. Richard Fox keeper of Privy Seal.
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Ordinary revenue
1486, Act of Resumption, restored crown lands. Lands taken from those attainted. Income from duchy of Lancaster increased ten-fold. Unable to match Edward IV's £70,000, income dropping to £40,000.
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Extraordinary revenue
Parliamentary taxation. Loans & benevolences. Raised money from church. Feudal rights, eg. knighting of Arthur.
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Central government
Morton, Lord Chancellor. Fox, Lord Privy Seal. Dynham, Lord Treasurer & five other members. Court of requests & Council Learned in Law. Men from dust, eg. Empson & Dudley.
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Council of the north
Defended border with Scotland. Appointed Surrey after Yorkshire rising. Council of London made sure Surrey wasn't appointing own people.
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Council of Wales
Re-established 1493. Ruled by Arhtur, loss of Marcher lands to increase control.
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Ireland
Poynings failed to control Ireland. Limited to the Pale. Relied on Kildares.
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Local government
Justice of the Peace, eg. Lord Hastings in North Midlands. Weakened power of greater nobles. Many unwilling to act.
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Parliament
Summon, prorogue, dissolve. Met 7 times, passed Acts of Attainder, most at start & end of reign. Avoided asking for money for war. Law court taken up by Council Learned in Law.
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Henry's aims
Not a major power in 1485. Lacked a standing army, vulnerable to north. Yorkist threat & weak claim. Foreign recognition without war.
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Threat of Invasion
Scotland & France, strengthened by Auld Alliance. Managed to develop alliances.
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Dynastic threats
Yorkist challenge actively supported by Margaret of Burgundy. Marriage of Catherine & Arthur 1501. Peace of Ayton, marriage of Margaret of James IV.
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Financial position
Weak position, important to avoid war. Restored French pension with Treaty of Etaples.
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Economic aims
Maintain cloth trade with Burgundy. Trade agreements signed with Brittany, Spain, Florence.
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Phases of foreign policy
185-92: period of diplomacy, secure throne. 1493-1502: peace with Scotland, Henry's position stronger. 1503-09: less successful, Henry became isolated.
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Brittany affair
France had given Henry financial aid to seize throne. If they took Brittany, whole of channel coast in French control. Brittany asked Henry for help. When Max, HRE made peace with France, Brittanny accepted defeat, Anne married to Charles VIII.
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How did Henry help
Agreed to send 6,000 troops. Only raised £27,000 of £100,000 target, Yorkshire rebellion 1489.
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War with France
3x resources of England. Asserted claim to French throne Oct 1492, campaigning season nearly over. France more conerned by events in Italy. Treaty of Etaples.
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Treaty of Etaples
3rd November 1492. Agreed to: not aid English rebels, pay arrears of Treaty of Picquigny, pay for Henry's expenses for aiding Brittany, French pension of £5,000, 5% of income.
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Relations with France after 1492
League of Venice, 1495, drive France out of Italy, England excluded. Holy League 1496, England added, could stay neutral. Henry made trade deal with France. 1508 League of Cambrai, England, France, Netherlands against Spain, France withdrew.
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Scotland & Warbeck
Coming of age of James IV 1495. Arrival of Warbeck 1495, given military aid & married James' cousin. Truce of Ayton 1497, full peace 1499.
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Improvement in relations
First peace agreement since 1328. Henry's eldest daughter, Margaret, married James IV in 1503. Still skirmishes.
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Relations with Burgundy
Supported Simnel & Warbeck. Embargo on trade 1493-1496, ended with magnus. 1506, Philip forced to seek shelter, negotiated malus, handed over Earl of Suffolk. Pro-burgundian at expense of alliance with Spain. Revoked Malus. Charles married Mary Tudor
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Relations with Spain
1488, proposed marriage of Arthur & Catherine. Spain wanted Pyrenean region, Henry wanted recognition. Final marriage agreement 1496, Catherine arrived 1501. Succession crisis,death Isabella 1504. Philip claimed Castile, retaken by Ferdinand
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Medina Del Campo
1489, dowry of £40,000. Spain wouldn't help English rebels. Trade improved. Help each other in war against Fracne. By 1508, abandoned Spain, moved towards anti-Spanish alliance.
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Marriage agreement with Spain
Signed 1489, recognition, celebrated by minting gold imperial sovereign. Came in 1501 with only £20,000. Joanna married Philip, possible alliance. Papal dispensation, betrothed to Henry 1503. Angered Ferdinand by keeping dowry & Catherine.
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Marriage agreement with Scotland
Peace of Ayton, 1499. Maraget married to James IV 1503. Reinforced position on throne.
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Death of Queen Elizabeth
Death 1503, could marry Joanna of Naples, would strengthen England against France. Margaret of Savoy wanted to remain a widow. Joanna of Castile to maintain English, Spanish, Burgundian alliance.
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Marriage of Mary
1507, Maximilian, HRE, agreed marriage of Charles, son of Philip & Joanna, to Mary, didn't happen. Offered surving son to Louis XII's neice, Margaret of Angouleme. Changed direction of foreign policy.
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Trade with Burgundy, Magnus Intercursus
Tried to increase cloth trade, figures show stayed the same. Embargo 1493-1496, ended by magnus 1496. Agreed: Merchants to sell anywhere, except Flanders, without paying tolls or customs
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Malus Intercursus
1506. Agreed: trade with Burgundy free, not to impose duties on English cloth. Philip to pay duties outlined in Magnus. 1507, Magnus restored.
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Trade with Spain
Initially Spanish exempt from duties, then Navigation Act 1485-86. Forbade exports of goods from spain in foreign ships. Treaty of Medina del Campo meant same rights, duties fixed low. Spain didn't give English access to New World.
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Other agreements
Earlier trade deal with Portugal renewed. Commercial treaty with Brittany 1486. Trade agreement with Florence 1490, & English staple at Pisa. Trade dominated by Hanseatic League, limit privileges through Navigation Act, failed.
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Other agreements continued
Treaties with Denmark & Norway 1489 &1490. Riga in 1499. Building of dry dock at Portsmouth, increased wool export by 6%.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Weak position

Back

14 years in exile, sincee 1471.

Card 3

Front

Strong position

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Importance of Bosworth

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Yorkist opposition

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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