Henry VII: 3 - England's relations with Scotland and other foreign powers, 1485-1509

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  • Created by: Madisonxo
  • Created on: 19-12-18 20:58
What were Henry's FP aims?
To maintain good relations + build defence and ensure: 1) National security 2) Recognition of the Tudor dynasty 3) Defence of English trading interests
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What happened in France that alarmed Henry? When?
French invaded Brittany in 1487.
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How did Henry react to French invasion?
Summoned parliament in 1489 to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French: sense of obligation to the Bretons, feared direct French control of Brittany increased French threat to England.
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What did England and Brittany agree to in the 1480s? When? What did Henry do at the same time regarding the HRE?
Feb 1489 - Treaty of Redon. Duchess Anne would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany. Henry tried to strengthen his alliance with Maximilian (HRE elect). Maximilian had a marriage-by-proxy w/Anne and therefore didn't want Brittany to fall.
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What happened when the English army went to Brittany?
Anne feared prolonged resistance to the French, surrendered and married Charles VIII (King of France). This left the army marooned in Brittany + Maximilian was no longer interested.
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After being marooned in Brittany, what did Henry do?
He launched an invasion of France in 1492 ( as his agents knew Charles VIII was more interested in invading Italy not fighting England) and France quickly sought a peace settlement.
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What was agreed after the invasion of France?
Treaty of Etaples - Nov 1492. Charles VIII agreed to withdraw his support for Warbeck and agreed to pay a pension to Henry to compensate for Henry raising an army.
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FP: France overview
Successful, he managed to defend national + dynastic interests and had improved his financial position and ensured a period of peace in anglo-french relations.
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Why was it important for England to maintain good relations with the Netherlands? What made it complicated?
A bulk of England's exports went through the ports of the Netherlands so it was important for commercial reasons. Made complicated by Margaret of Burgundy.
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How did Margaret of Burgundy complicate relations?
Her son was Maximilian who became HRE in 1493 and she gave jurisdiction to his son Philip. Relations deteriorated because of the hospitality they offered to Perkin Warbeck so Henry gambled putting an embargo on trade with Burgundy to stop the problem
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What were the problems with a trade embargo on Burgundy?
It put two of Henry's FP objectives into conflict with each other: securing the dynasty and encouraging trade. In prioritising his dynastic interests, Henry showed he was prepared to sacrifice commercial interests of merchants (bad for popularity)
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When did relations with Burgundy and the HRE improve? Why?
After Warbeck left Burgundy and Henry and Philip agreed the Intercursus Magnus in 1496 which brought the trade embargo to an end.
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What happened in 1504 regarding Anglo-Burgundian relations?
1504 - Isabella, Queen of Castile died. The resulting Treaty of Windsor created a new trade agreement - Intercursus Malus. In this Henry demanded a stronger trade deal for England and ordered Maximilian and Philip to hand over Suffolk (Yorkist).
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Why was the Intercursus Malus limited?
Never put into practice.
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FP: Burgundy, the Netherlands and the HRE overview
Henry appeared to improve both England's trading position and the security of the dynasty.
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Who ruled Spain?
Ferdinand + Isabella
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What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo - when?
1489 - Mutual protection in the event of attack, agreed not to harbour rebels/pretenders, marriage alliance between Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Catherine, Princess of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand + Isabella)
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What were some problems with the Treaty of Medina del Campo?
Agreements for the royal marriage did not go smoothly, Ferdinand was reluctant to allow the marriage when Warbeck threatened Henry's dynasty, disagreements on the size of Catherine's dowry.
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When did Prince Arthur die? How did this affect relations with Spain?
1502 - Henry suggested Catherine marry Henry (2nd son) but Ferdinand was reluctant (lost interest + required papal dispensation)
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Why did Henry lose interest for the marriage of Prince Henry and Catherine in 1504? What other implications did this have?
Isabella died - this made Ferdinand a less important political figure and during the succession struggle between Ferdinand and Juana (Catherine of Aragon's sister), Henry supported Juana
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Who was Juana's husband?
Philip of Burgundy
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When was the Treaty of Windsor agreed? What was it?
1506 - the Intercursus Malus (restoring trade w/Burgundy), the return of Suffolk (dynastic interests), proposed marriage between Henry and Philips sister (never happened), Henry's recognition of Philip and Juana as rulers of Castile
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When Philip of Burgundy died, how did this impact relations with Spain?
Ferdinand became regent of Castile which left Henry diplomatically isolated and Ferdinand ensured that the marriage of Prince Henry and Catherine wouldn't happen in King Henry's lifetime (happened when Prince Henry became king).
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Why did problems arise when King James IV took the throne in 1495?
He offered Warbeck hospitality + encouraged him to invade England with a small army in 1496 but they received no support and quickly retreated.
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How did Henry react to this invasion in 1496 and what were the implications?
Henry invaded Scotland with a larger army but this prompted a taxation rebellion in 1497 (Cornish rebellion) - it was therefore in Scotland's and England's best interests to have a truce - Scotland offered Warbeck to England (executed 1499).
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What Treaty with Scotland was agreed in 1502?
Treaty of Perpetual Peace - James married Henry's daughter, Margaret, in 1503.
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FP: Scotland overview
Successful in ensuring the security of the dynasty.
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Who was the leader of the Geraldines/Fitzgeralds of Ireland? Why did he make Henry suspicious?
The Earl of Kildare - supported Lambert Simnel + crowned him King of Ireland in 1486. He also supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491.
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What did Kildare's actions lead Henry VII to do?
He appointed Edward Poynings to rule the 'pale' backed by an armed force (costly)
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When was Poynings law passed and what did it mean?
1495 - the Irish parliament could pass no law without the approval of the Crown.
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Why did Poynings recalled from Ireland, what implications did this have?
Too expensive so Kildare was once again relied upon. Kildare decided to be loyal to Henry VII and stop supporting Yorkists.
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FP: Ireland overview
Henry had secured peaceful authority (and cheap) over Ireland
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Prince Arthur: birth date, death date
Born: 1486. Died: 1502
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Prince Henry: birth date, death date
Born: 1491. Died: 1547
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Henry VII: death date. Implications?
1509 - Empson + Dudley arrested - new regime was to be DIFFERENT
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Card 2

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What happened in France that alarmed Henry? When?

Back

French invaded Brittany in 1487.

Card 3

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How did Henry react to French invasion?

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What did England and Brittany agree to in the 1480s? When? What did Henry do at the same time regarding the HRE?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What happened when the English army went to Brittany?

Back

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