Henry VII - Consolidation of Power

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When was Henry's victory at Battle of Bosworth?
22nd August 1485
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Why was Henry's claim to the throne weak?
- He had descended through a female line / The line came from John of Gaunt's thrid wife who's son had been born before marriage and was therefore seen as illegitimat. Henry became the claimant because there was nobody else / King due to victory.
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Who did Henry's female descendance come from?
His mother (Lady Margaret Beaufort)
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Who proclaimed Henry King of England on the battlefield?
Lord Stanley
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Who was Lord Stanley?
Henry's step-father
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Why was it so easy for the public to accept Henry as their King?
Richard had been under suspicion due to the Princes in the Tower, along with other presumed crimes. The idea that Henry wasn't Richard was enough.
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When was power regained for the House of York in the Battle of Tewkesbury?
1471
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Who regained power for the House of York in the Battle of Tewkesbury?
Edward IV
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Why did Henry flee to France?
Many of his relations (The Lancastrians) died or were executed at the Battle of Tewkesbury
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How old was Henry when he fled to France?
14
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What was Henry's main purpose when he first gained the throne?
To consolidate his power
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How did Henry consolidate his power - date of reign
He dated his reign from 21st of August which was the day before the Battle of Bosworth, anyone who fought on Yorkist side would be designated a traitor.
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How did Henry consolidate his power - rewards
He rewarded many of his key supporters publicly. For example he conferred 11 knighthoods.
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How did Henry consolidate his power - detainment
He arranged for his supporters to detain Elizabeth of York and the Earl of Warwick. Each of whom could be seen as having a greater claim to the throne than him.
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How did Henry consolidate his power - Key appointments
He made key appointments to his Council and household.
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Examples of Henry making key appointments to consolidate his power?
He made Sir Reginald Bray - Chancellor of Duchy of Lancaster / / Sir William Stanley - Chamberlain of the Household.
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How did Henry consolidate his power - Coronation
He arranged his coronation to take place on 30th October before the meeting of his first Parliament on 7th November, thereby demonstating that his right to the throne was based on hereditary right, not only because Parliament had sanctioned it.
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Who was Sir William Stanley in relation to Henry?
Henry's step-uncle
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How did Henry consolidate power - Acts of Attainder
There were Parliamentary Acts of Attainder against Yorkists who had fought at Bosworth which ensured that their property was forfeit to the crown, thereby increasing royal income.
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How did Henry consolidate power - marriage
After having her detained in the previous year, Henry married Elizabeth of York. Henry waiting until the other steps had been taken to avoid assumption that his right to the throne was due to his wife.
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When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York?
January 1486
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How did Henry consolidate power - child
In September 1489, Prince Arthur was born which gave Henry and heir to the throne.
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What is parliamentary sanction?
An official confirmation of a law given by parliament as the acclaimed body of the State; by laws of the time.
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Acts of Attainder definition
This declared a landowner guilty of rebelling against the monarch; the attained noble lost his title,lands and sometimes his head; his heirs were disinherited.
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Tonnage and Poundage definition
The right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports
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When was Henry crowned King?
October 1485
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When was Prince Arthur born?
1489
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When was Warbeck executed?
1499
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When did the first rising against Henry occur?
Easter 1486
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Who led the first rising against Henry?
Francis, Viscount Lovell and Humphrey Stafford
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Where did Lovell try to raise the first rebellion?
In the North Riding of Yorkshire - the heartland of Richard III's support
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Where did Stafford try to gain support for the first rebellion?
In the Midlands - another area of Yorkist support
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What was the outcome of the first rebellion?
Lovell managed to escape the King's forces however Humphrey Stafford was captured and executed, though his younger brother (Thomas) was pardoned.
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What was significant about the first rising?
The significance is how little enthusiasm there was at this stage for a Yorkist rebellion in their heartlands.
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Was the first rising very significant?
No, it was easily suppressed and there was little enthusiasm for the rising.
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Who was Lambert Simnel and what was his aim?
He was tutored in courtly manners with the intention of initially impersonating Richard, Duke of York, who was the younger of the two princes in the tower. Though he soon switched to impersonating the Earl of Warwick.
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After the Lovell rising, what two changes did the rebels decide to make?
1. They needed a figurehead to impersonate one of the princes in the tower // 2. They needed financial support to generate a significant military threat to Henry
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Who was the figurehead of the Rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln?
Lambert Simnel
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Who was Simnel impersonating?
The Earl of Warwick
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Who put together the rebellion?
John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln
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How did they gain financial support for the rebellion?
They persuaded Margaret of Burgundy to support Simnel's claim and to pay for a force of mercenaries to invade England.
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How did Henry control the rebellion?
He had plenty of warning about the rebellion and took a gamble considering that Richard III's main power base was in the North of England, he reinstated the Earl of Northumberland.
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How did Henry's actions to control the rebellion help?
It helped to neutralise Richard III's old power base and also ensured that the traditionally Yorkist family had no intention of joining the conspiracy since Northumberland was one of their descendants.
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When was the Battle of Stoke Field?
1487
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What does mercenaries mean?
Hired soldiers who work simply for pay and have no specific commitment to the cause they are fighting for.
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Why was Henry not confident at the Battle of Stoke?
He remembered how Richard had been double-crossed at Bosworth and feared that he may suffer the same fate.
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What happened at the Battle of Stoke Field?
The Earl of Lincoln was killed. Henry's army was led effectively by the Earl of Oxford.
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Was the Battle of Stoke significant and why?
Yes because it was this battle that brought the end to the Wars of the Roses and Henry's position became safer.
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What helped Henry overcome the rebellion at the Battle of Stoke? (Skills)
- Organisational Skills / - The Military Leadership of key supporters / - His shrewdness and hardwork
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How did Henry react to those who had rebelled at the Battle of Stoke?
He was relatively mild in his treatment to those who had rebelled.
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What were bonds for good behaviour?
Henry recognised himself as owning the lump sum stated. The sum did not have to be payed provided the condition (usually good behaivour) was observed. If the condition was broken, the sum had to be payed back in penalty.
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Why did Henry introduce bonds for good behaviour?
To ensure landowners would not work against him.
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Who was Perkin Warbeck?
A cloth trader from Tournai in Flanders who, over a period of 8 years, claimed to be Richard, Duke of York
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Why was Perkin Warbeck seen as a great threat?
His activities were not just confined to England, he attracted patronage from foreign rulers. This demonstrated how weak Henry's position was in the eyes of foreign rulers.
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When did Perkin Warbeck begin to impersonate Richard, Duke of York?
1491
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Where did Warbeck first begin to to impersonate Richard, Duke of York?
Ireland
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After fleeing from France, where did Warbeck train to be a Yorkist Prince?
At the court of Margaret of Burgundy
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When was Warbeck's first attempt to land in England?
1495
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Was Warbeck's first attempt to land in England successful?
No, Henry had been informed of Warbeck's intentions and Warbeck was quickly defeated.
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Who informed Henry of Warbeck's intentions? (First attempt)
Sir Robert Clifford (One of Henry's royal agents).
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Where did Warbeck flee to after his failed first attempt to impersonate Richard, Duke of York?
The court of James IV of Scotland
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Why could Warbeck's first attempt potentially harmed Henry's position?
The conspirators had an accomplice in the heart of Henry's government, Sir William Stanley. He was Lord Chamberlain and headed the royal household at that time when household government was still the normal model of political operation.
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What does the historian Christine Carpenter believe about Warbeck's first atttempt?
Believes that it was striking that this conspiracy actually revealed Henry at his most vunerable in the very place where he should be most secure.
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When did a small Scottish army cross the border on Warbeck's behalf?
1496
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Did the Scottish army have much power?
No they were small and quickly retreated.
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Why did Warbeck's intentions completely fail?
James IV gave in to Henry's marriage offer of his daughter Margaret.
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What was Warbeck's final attempt at exploiting Henry's position?
He tried to exploit the uncertainties created by the Cornish Rebellion in 1497.
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Was Warbeck's final attempt successful?
No, his forces were crushed and Warbeck eventually surrendered to Henry
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What did Henry do to Warbeck after his final surrender?
Henry firstly allowed Warbeck to stay at the court but soon confined him to the tower when he tried to abscond. Having allegedly tried to escape with the Earl of Warwick, they were both tried and executed for treason.
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Why were the actions of Warbeck convinient in terms of The Earl of Warwick?
The Earl of Warwick was potentially the most obvious claimant to the throne. He spent most his life in confinement and could be said to be the most innocent victim, he was beheaded for being accused of plotting with Warbeck.
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When was The Earl of Warwick beheaded?
1499
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Who did the final piece of dynasty security concern?
Edmund de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk and Richard de la Pole, 'The White Rose'
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When did the Earl of Suffolk first flee to Flanders?
1489
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When did the Earl of Suffolk flee to the court of the Emperor Maximilian
1501
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Where did the Earl of Suffolk flee to in 1489?
Flanders
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Where did the Earl of Suffolk flee to in 1501?
The court of the Emperor Maximilian
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Why was Suffolk safe? (Margaret of Burgundy)
As long as Margaret of Burgundy was opposed to Henry VII he was safe.
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When was the Treaty of Windsor signed?
1506
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What did the Treaty of Windsor do?
Restored friendly relations between Henry VII and Philip of Burgundy
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What was an important feature of the Treaty of Windsor?
Maximilian agreed to give up Suffolk who was then imprisoned in the Tower of London but Henry VII took no further action against him.
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What happened to Richard de la Pole, The White Rose?
He was killed fighting for the French forces at the Battle of Pavia in 1525
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Card 2

Front

Why was Henry's claim to the throne weak?

Back

- He had descended through a female line / The line came from John of Gaunt's thrid wife who's son had been born before marriage and was therefore seen as illegitimat. Henry became the claimant because there was nobody else / King due to victory.

Card 3

Front

Who did Henry's female descendance come from?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Who proclaimed Henry King of England on the battlefield?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who was Lord Stanley?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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