Have a lobed nucleus, cytoplasm with granules to contain enzymes helps to digest, cell membrane. Moves and engulfs bacteria or any foreign body. Non-specific.
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Describe lymphocytes
Smaller than phagocytes, large and round nucleus, granules in cytoplasm for making antibodies, cell membrane. Specific to antigen. Creates memory cells when used.
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What are antibodies and what makes it
White blood cells make antibodies.Antibodies are proteins to protect from disease microbes. They are made specific to their antigen, won't lock onto any others. Lock onto invading pathogens and mark them out for destructionby other white blood cells.
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Differences in white/red blood cells
White- bigger, have a nucleus (that is lobed), less of them, for protection from bacteria and pathogens. Red- no nucleus, more of them, smaller.
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What is a pathogen
A pathogen is any microorganism that causes disease
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Red blood cell features
No nucleus- more space to carry oxygen, Biconcave shape- for faster diffusion due to large S.A, Have haemoglobin that contains Fe2+ that carries O2, Curved boundaries are better for diffusion than straight ones.
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What makes us warm-blooded
The plasma in our blood that carries heat energy.
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Describe plasma
Pale yellow liquid. 10% dissolved substances, 90% water. Carries all thigns needed for body.
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How many litres of blood ddoe sthe average adult have
5 litres
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Describe platelets
Platelets are tiny fragments of cells that clog up wounds to stop infections and to stop you from bleeding to death. It creates a mesh called fibrin over the wound which turns into a scab. However it does need other proteisn to work: clotting factors
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How does the heart rate change during excercise
Increases, excercise increases amount of co2 in blood, high levels of co2 detected by receptors in carotid artery and aorta, these receptors send messages to the brain and the brain sends signals to the heart to pump faster with the more force
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How are capillaries adapted to their function
One cell thick- diffusion distance shorter, permeable walls- faster diffusion, travels close to cells- shorter diffusion distance
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Describe arteries
Small lumen- size of hole in middle, Thick muscular walls, Walls are therefore strong and elastic. Carry blood away from heart, and O2 blood. No O2 blood in pulmonary artery.Blood flows at high pressure. No valves
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Describe veins
Large lumen, Thinner walls with smooth elastic muscle, have valves to stop backflow of blood at such low pressure.
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What hormone causes heart rate to rise
Adrenaline- When an organism is threatened, adrenal glands release adrenaline. This binds to specific receptors in the heart which causes cardiac muscle to contract more frequently and heart pumps more blood. This increases oxygen supply fight flight
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