Hearing

tympanic membrane

eardrum

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ossicles

one of the three bones in middle ear

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three ossicles

malleus, incus and stapes

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malleus

hammer; first ossicle-connects to tympanic membrane and transmits vibrations via incus

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incus

'anvil'; second ossicle;

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stapes

'stirrup'-last ossicle; connects to cochlea

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cochlea

snail shade structure of inner ear-contains auditory transducing mechanism

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oval window

opening in the bone surrounding the cochlea that reveals a membrane; against which the baseplate of the stapes presses; transmitting sound vibrations into fluid within cochlea

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cochlea's three sections

scala vestibuli (vestibular stairway), scala media (middle stairway) and scala tympani (tympanic stairway)

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organ of Corti

sensory organ on basilar membrane that contains auditory hair cells

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hair cell

receptive cell of auditory apparatus

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Deiter's cell

supporting cell found in organ of Corti; sustains auditory hair cell

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basilar membrane

membrane in cochlea of inner ear; contains organ of corti

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tectorial membrane

membrane located above basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which cillia of auditory hair cells move

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round window

opening in bone surrounding cochlea of inner eat that permits vibrations to be transmitted via oval window-into fluid in cochlea

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cillium (pl cillia)

hairlike appendage of ell involved in movement/in transducing info; found on receptors in auditory and vestibular system

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tip link

elastic filament that attaches tip of one cillium to side of adjacent cillium

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intersectional plaque

point of attachment of tip link to cillium

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cochlear nerve

branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory info from cochleah to brain

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cochlear nucleus

one of a group of nuclei in medulla that receive auditory information from cochlea

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superior olivary complex

group of nuclei in medulla; involved with auditory functions; inc. localisation of source of sounds

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lateral leminscus

band of fibres running rostrally via medulla and pons-carries fibres of auditory system

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tonotopic representation

e.g. relationship between cortex and basilar membrane-different parts of BM respond best to different frequencies of sound

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core region

primary auditory cortex; located on a gyrus on dorsal surface of temporal lobe

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belt region

first level of auditory association cortex; surrounds primary auditory cortex

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parabelt region

second level of auditory association cortex; surrounds belt region

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anterior stream

begins at anterior parabelt region; involved in analysis of complex sounds

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posterior stream

begins at posterior parabelt region; involved with sound localisation

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outer hair cells

contain contractile proteins-when exposed to electrical current-contract.

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what happens when basilar membrane vibrates?

movement of cilia of outer hair cells opens/closes ion channels-causing change in membrane potential

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changes lead to...

cause movements of contractile proteins-thus lengthening/shortening cells-changes in length amplify vibrations of BM-enhancing signal received by inner hair cells

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place code

system-info about different freq. is coded by different locations on BM

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rate coding

system-info about different freq of sound waves is coded by rate of firing of neutrons in auditory system

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fundamental frequency

lowest, most intense freq of a complex sound; most often perceived as the sound's base pitch

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use phase difference for...

lower frequencies

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use intensity differences for

high frequencies

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overtone

freq of complex tones tat occurs at multiples of the fundamental freq

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phase difference

difference in arrival times of sound waves at each of the ear drums

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inferior frontal cortex and music

perception of underlying beat in music

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left auditory cortex and music

perceptions of rhythmic patterns

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cerebellum and basal ganglia and music

timing of music rhythms-in timing of movements

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which areas process WHERE information?

posterodorsal stream to posterior parietal cortex

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which areas process WHAT information?

anteroventral stream to superior temporal region in temporal lobe

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which area do both connect to?

PFC-higher cognitive function

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Hearing

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