health - pain

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  • Created by: Cruick96
  • Created on: 27-04-17 13:30
what is clinical pain?
pain that requires some form of medical treatment
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how much does pain cost?
$500-$635 billion annually, equal to $2000 per person in US
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what is the prevalence of pain?
experienced by 1/3 of population, most common reason people seek medical help
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what is acute pain?
sharp, stinging pain that is short lived and usually related to tissue damage (burn, fracture, overused muscle)
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what is recurrent pain?
episodes of discomfort interspersed within periods in which indiv is relatively pain free, that recur for more than 3 months
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what is chronic pain?
pain that lasts 6 months or longer - long past normal healing period. may be continuous or intermittent, moderate or severe and felt in any part of body's tissue
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what is hyperalgesia?
condition in which a chronic pain sufferer becomes more sensitive to pain over time. may facilitate recovery by stimulating recuperative behaviours. a normal adaptation during sickness.
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what are the psychophysiological measures of pain?
electromyography (assess amount of muscle tension) and indicators of autonomic arousal (measuring heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure etc to measure pain)
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what are the behavioural measures of pain?
pain behaviour scale, pain response reference questionnaire, pain rating scales, childrens anxity and pain scale and childrens fear scale
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what is a pain behaviour scale?
target behaviours like vocal complaints, facial grimace, awkward postures, mobility - observe these things to indicate pain
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what is the pain response preference questionnaire?
range of potential pain related responses desired from partner/spouse. separate scales incl. solicitude, management, encouragement and suppression
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what are pain rating scales?
numerical ratings of pain or pain diary
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what are some issues with behavioural measures of pain?
children find it difficult to express pain, time consuming, requires lots of vigilance, pain is subjective
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what are self report measures of pain?
pain ratings scales, standardised pain inventories, mcgill pain questionnaire - sensory quality, affective quality, evaluative quality of pain - most widely used scale
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what are free nerve endings?
sensory receptors found throughout body that respond to temp, pressure and painful stimuli
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what are nociceptors?
specialised neuron that responds to painful stimuli
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what are fast nerve fibres?
large myelinated nerve fibres that transmit sharp, stinging pain. basis of fast pain system servicing the skin and mucus membranes
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what are slow nerve fibres?
small, unmyelinated nerve fibres that carry dull, aching pain. basis of slow pain system servicing all body tissues except the brain
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what is substantia gelatinosa?
dorsal region of spinal cord where both fast and slow pain fibres synapse with sensory nerves on way to brain
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what is referred pain?
pain in area of body sensitive to pain but caused to disease or injury in an area that has few pain receptors
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what is the pathway like for acute pain?
fast, originated with fast nerve fibres in spinal cord and projects on to somatosensory cortex
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what is the pathway like for slow chronic pain?
slow, projects to midline nucleus of hypothalamus
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how do genes affect pain?
they mediate anxiety and depression, affect indiv sensitivity to painful stimuli, SCN9A encode insructions for sodium channels that rely painful sensations. COMT enzyme involved in metabolism of some nt's
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what is melzack and wall;s gate control theory?
neural gate in spinal cord regulates exp of pain. pain not result of straight-thru sensory channel. transmission cells relay pain messages to brain when gate open. central control mech is descending neural path by which brain shuts the gate
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how does age affect pain?
as people get older, progressive increase in reports of pain and decrease in tolerance to pain (normal conseqeunce of aging?),
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how does gender affect pain?
women report more freq eps of pain than men (migraines, pelvic pain, facial, lower back). apparent by adolescence and in medicines differential response to genders. may be gender difference physiologically for pain (periods etc).
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how does SES affect pain?
lower SES may have greater morbidity and mortality across many diseases. they may have more stressful life events, environments & fewer psych resources. make those who have chronic pain more vulnerable to harmful effects of stress on health and funct
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how do culture and ethnicity affect pain?
groups differ in norms for degree to which suffering should be openly expressed and form pain behaviours should take. pain tolerance vs pain threshold.
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what are some issues with the studies about culture affecting pain?
very correlational in nature, cant rule out expectancies about pain. issue of causality
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what do acute and chronic pain suffers show higher scores of on minnesota multiphasic personality inventory scales?
hysteria (tendency to exaggerate symptoms and use emotional behaviour to solve problems) and hypochondriasis (tendency to be overly concerned about health and to overreport body symptoms)
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who else report more pain?
people who are anxious, depressed, worried and neg in outlook
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how do dysfunctional parents affect pain?
report high levels of pain, feel as tho have little control over lives and extremely inactive
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how do interpersonally distressed patients perceive pain?
perceive little support and feel others in lives dont tske their pain seriously
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how do adaptive copers perceive pain?
report lower levels of pain and distress and continue to function at high level
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how is CBT used to treat pain?
education and goal setting. provide exp about differences between acute and chronic pain, mechs of gate control theory, contribution of depression etc to pain. generating examples from personal pain exps and setting measurable and specific goals
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what do cognitive interventions target in pain reduction?
enhance self efficacy and sense of control over pain. illustrate cog errors in thinking, catastrophising, overgeneralising, victimisation, self blame and dwelling on pain are targeted
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what are cog distractions?
diverts attention away from painful stimulus and diminishes self reported pain by 30-40%. reduce activity in pain processing regions of cortex. may engage in some descending pain inhibitory pathways that catastrophising disrupts
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what is guided imagery?
often used to supplement other techniques. most effective with low to medium pain. component of lamaze training.
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what is cognitive reappraisal?
key component of CBT that focuses on helping indivs reinterpret pain related sensations, restrucure maladaptive thoughts and make pos self statements.
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Card 2

Front

how much does pain cost?

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$500-$635 billion annually, equal to $2000 per person in US

Card 3

Front

what is the prevalence of pain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is acute pain?

Back

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Card 5

Front

what is recurrent pain?

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