Health and Social Theorists

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What does SSC mean?
The Strange Situation Classification
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What are Ainsworth 3 main attachment styles ?
Secure, Insecure avoidant and Insecure ambivalent/resistant
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What is a secure attachment?
Child is confident that the attachment will meet their needs
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What is an insecure avoidant attachment?
The child doesn’t seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed
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What is an insecure resistant attachment?
Child fails to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure
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Disrupted attachment causes
Anxiety, Difficulty in forming relationships, Depressive disorders, Delinquency and Learning disorders
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Evaluation of Ainsworth
Experiment occurred in an artificial environment causing the child to be distressed affecting the results Data from the study can’t be generalised and applied to the outside world Factors may have caused the child to cry out
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What is BAndura’s theory based on?
Based on the belief that learning happens through observing, imitating and modelling the behaviours of others
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What’s the name of the experiment Bandura do?
The Bobo doll experiment
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What is the First principle of learning? + defenition
Attention - focussed attention on a person who models a behaviours
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What is the second principle of learning? + defenition
Retention - what the child has observed is retained in their memory
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What is the third principle of learning? + defenition
Reproduction - What is learned is rehearsed in the child’s mind first and then produced
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What is the forth principle of learning? + defenition
Motivation - children are motivated as they anticipate intrinsic or extrinsic rewards to repeat or stop behaviour
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What is an Intrinsic reinforcement ?
Personal satisfaction
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What is an Extrinsic reinforcement ?
Rewards
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What is a Positive reinforcement?
Behaviour is repeated due to intrinsic or extrinsic reinforcement
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What is a Negative reinforcement?
Behavior isn’t repeated to avoid adverse experience such as lack of satisfaction or being told off
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What is a Vicarious reinforcement?
Motivated as the model they observe is getting positive satisfaction, but might resist if their model receives negative feedback
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What happened in Bandura's experiment?
Children watched same gendered adults behave aggressively towards a bobo doll. The children imitated the behaviour because they identified with the role model (because they were the same gender)
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Evaluation of Bandura
Doesn’t include link between behaviour being triggered by emotions and thoughts. Doesn’t link nature and nurture. We have a lot of cognitive control and just because someone has experienced violence doesn’t mean they will reproduce that.
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What is Bowlby’s theory of attachment?
Children are biologically programmed to form attachments. Infast have a universal need to seek proximity. Disruption to these attachments results in separation anxiety. If attachments aren’t formed or are disrupted it can cause deprivation
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Evaluation of Bowlby
Rutter (1981) argued if a child fails to develop an emotional bond, this is privation whereas deprivation refers to loss of or damage to an attachment. Rutter argues problems are not due solely to the lack of attachment to a mother figure but factor
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What does Chomsky's LAD stand for?
Learning acquisition device
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What is Chomsky's theory?
Language is genetically programmed (innate) so children are born with a language acquisition device. Children learn language through hearing language, children’s brains are triggered to interpret and pick up the structure of language. Innate understa
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Evaluation of Chomsky ( part 1)
Lack of scientific evidence. Bruner argues that social interactions are important for language development. Doesn’t take into account that language acquisition support system is required. Phonetics are important for language acquisition.
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Evaluation of Chomsky (part 2)
Emphasis on grammar in sentences rather than the actual meaning. Ignores children who ignore delayed language development.
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What is Gesell’s theory about Maturation?
Growth is determined by genetics (maturation). Children follow the same orderly sequence in their development. Pace of development differs depending on physical and intellectual development. Child’s personality is a product of slow gradual growth. Mi
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What did Gesell do?
He observed behaviour of many children to determine averages or norms called milestones or norms of development
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Advantages of Gessel's theory
Advantages of his theory: Determined norms of development that are still used today. Advanced methodology in observations of behaviour of large numbers of children.
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Disadvantages of Gessel's theory
Didn’t consider individual or cultural differences in children with disabilities. Parental influences affects how a child behaves and matures intellectually. Rate of development increases with formal education places for children inside a social sett
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What is the Stress Scale by Holmes and Rahe?
It identifies 43 life events each with a different score and the higher the score the more likely an individual is to have a mental disorder. A score higher than 150 means participants are at risk of stress related illness and this rises further by
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Evaluation of Holmes and Rahe
Each individual is unique and deals with stress in different ways. Major life events aren’t experienced frequently but people might get stressed from daily hassles. Stress by definition can mean different things to different people.
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What is the Sensorimotor stage?
From birth to 2 years of age. Infants develop schema using their senses
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What is the preoperational stage?
From 2 years to 7 years. Children are egocentric and don’t understand the concept of conservation. Don’t understand numbers, mass and volume. Control environment using symbolic behaviour, representational words, drawing, pretend play and are able to
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What is the concrete operational stage?
From 7 to 11 years. Children reason logically, classify, categorise. Understand theory of conservation and can see from others perspectives (not egocentric).
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What is the formal operational stage?
From 11 to 18 years. Develop abstract thinking, rational thought and problem solving. Can think through complicated ideas without having to see concrete images.
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What is egocentrism?
Only seeing things from their own perspective
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What is conservation?
Understanding that the amount remains the same when the container’s shape has changed
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What are Assimilations?
Child constructs a schema
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What is Equilibrium?
Child’s experience fits their schema
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What is Disequilibrium?
New experiences disturbs schema
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Whar is Accomodation?
Understanding changes due to new experiences
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Evaluation of Piaget
Observations were made on a small group of children. Underestimated children’s cognitive ability.
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Evaluation of Piaget ( What did Bruner not agree with?)
Bruner didn’t agree: Children develop further when helped Encouragement impacts logical thinking Takes longer than 11 years to become skilled at abstract thinking Development depends on environment and quality of education
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How does Shaffer and Emmerson challenge Bowlby?
One initial attachment with their mother. Their research found that children can form multiple attachments. Babies are most likely to form attachments with caregivers who respond to their signals.
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3 months
They respond to any caregiver
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3-7 months
Shows preference but accepts care for others
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7-9 months
Prefers primary caregiver, unhappy when separated and shows fear of strangers
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10 months
Develops attachments and by 18 months infants form multiple attachments
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Evaluation of Shaffer and Emmerson
Theory not correct in all parental attachments as it was only tested on mothers and their babies. Social Desirability Bias (parents give false answers to make themselves look better. Not all babies follow the same pattern of attachments.
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What is the Activity theory? ( Havighurst part 1)
Older people adjust to ageing process based on the assumption that social and psychological needs of older people remain the same. Those who remain physically and socially active reduce risk of illness and increase longevity.
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What is the Activity theory ?(Havighurst part 2)
Individuals adjust to their declining health, mobility and strength. People continue to involve themselves in the community.
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Evaluation of Havighurst
Overestimates elderlie’s ability to maintain level of activity. Barriers within society. Activity theory overlooks poverty, gender, social class and structural condition the elderly live in.
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What is the Social Disengagement Theory? part 1
Older adults naturally withdraw from social contact as part of the ageing process. Older people have restricted contact and are less concerned with others expectations. People focus more on their previous life and activities.
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What is the Social Disengagement Theory? part 2
Family expects less from older people. Older people become more dependent. Ageing may result in tranquility and be a positive development.
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Evaluation of the Social Disengagement Society
Little statistical evidence to support this view. Older people remain socially active. Social Disengagement Theory doesn’t always link age, life expectancy. Elderly are still capable of performing their roles in society.
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Stress Diathesis Model
Stress is caused by life events (nurture) interacting with an individual’s genetic vulnerability (nature). Some people are born with a genetic predisposition to psychological disorders triggered by environmental stress e.g family problems.
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Evaluation of the Stress Diathesis Model
Mental health is not entirely determined by our genetics. Stress is too broad to cover all the development of mental disorders.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What are Ainsworth 3 main attachment styles ?

Back

Secure, Insecure avoidant and Insecure ambivalent/resistant

Card 3

Front

What is a secure attachment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is an insecure avoidant attachment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is an insecure resistant attachment?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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