Health and social

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What are all of the life stages?
Infancy: 0-2 /Early childhood: 3-8 / adolescence: 9-18 / Early adulthood: 19-45 / Middle adulthood: 36-65 / Later adulthood 65+
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What is growth?
An increase in some measured quantity, such as height & weight
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What is development?
Complex changes including an increase in skills, abilities & capabilities.
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What are fine motor skills?
'Small, delicate' movements
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Give 3 examples of fine motor skills.
Picking up a pen, Holding a spoon, knife and fork, holding a needle.
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What are gross motor skills?
'Big' movements
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Give 3 examples of gross motor skills.
Walking, crawling & climbing
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What are centile lines?
Lines on a graph used to show average measurements of height, weight and head circumference
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What are developmental norms?
A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child's development
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What is a milestone?
An ability achieved by most children by a certain age.
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What are primary sexual characteristics?
Present at birth and develop during puberty.
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What are secondary sexual characteristics?
Develop during puberty.
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Name 3 female primary sexual characteristics.
Uterus enlarges & vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle commences.
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Name 3 secondary female primary sexual characteristics.
Redistribution of body fat causing hips to widen,Breasts develop and areola swells and darkens, hair grows in armpits and pubic area.
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Name 3 male primary sexual characteristics.
Testicles begin to produce sperm, Enlargement of penis & testes, spontaneous erections may happen.
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Name 3 male secondary sexual characteristics
Changes in larynx- deeper voice, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat, hair grows in armpits, pubic area and facial hair.
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Physical development in middle adulthood?
Increased weight, loss of skin elasticity, greying, hair loss, thinning of hair & loss of muscle tone and strength.
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What is egocentrism?
The inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.
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Criticisms of piaget.
Based on observations of a small nu,ber of children, Age/ life stages may be more fluid that he thought, Bruner believed that with adult support children can be helped to progress to a higher level of thinking.P
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What are the 4 stages Piaget's of cognitive development?
Sensorimotor: 0-2 Preoperational: 2-7 Concrete operational: 7-11, Formal operational: 11-18
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What occurs in the sensorimotor stage?
Infants think by interacting with the world using their eyes, ears,hands & mouth.Infants invent ways of solving problems.Piaget believed baby couldn't remember the world until about 18 months.
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What occurs in the properational stage?
Children use symbola to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries.Development of language and make-believe play takes place.Piaget believed children at this stage cannot properly understand how ideas like number, mass & volume work.
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what occurs in the concrete operational stage?
Child's reasoning becomes logical providing the issues are concrete.Children may be able to understand simple logical principles.
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What occurs in the formal operational stage?
apacity for abstract thinking allows adolescents to reason through symbols that don't refer to to objects in the real world.
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What is physical development?
Growth and other physical changes that happen to our body throughout life
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What is intellectual/ cognitive development?
The development of language, memory and thinking skills
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What is emotional development?
The ability to cope with feelings about ourselves and towards others
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What is social development?
The ability to form friendships and relationships and to learn to be independent
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Why might attachment not go smoothly? Give examples...
Emotional unavailability, Disability, Prematurity, foster care/ adoption, separation, postnatal depression, prematurity.
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Definition of self-image?
How a person imagines him or herself to be and how they see themselves given the reactions of others around them.
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What is self-concept?
an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others.
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What is self esteem?
How well or how badly a person feels about him or herself and how high they value their skills and abilities.
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Name the 4 stages of play.
Solo play, parallel play, cooperative play & associative play.
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What is solo play?
Children play alone with toys that are different from those chosen by other children in the area.
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What is parallel play?
Children play adjacent to each other, but don't try to influence one another's behaviour.Usually play alone but interested in what others are doing.
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What is cooperative play?
Solving a problem by working together to achieve a common goal.
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What is associative play?
A group of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal organisation, group direction/interaction or a definite goal.
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What are the importances of friendships?
can help individual cope with a traumatic life event, help maintain health lifestyle, avoid feeling of isolation, reduce stress.
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What is primary socialisation?
he development of social norms and values should include views of right and wrong, manners and behaviour and use of language.
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What is secondary socialisation?
Affects the health and wellbeing of individuals through gender roles, attitudes, the development of social norms and values and by influence on lifestyle choices.
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Give some examples of primary socialisation...
immediate Family and friends
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Give some examples of secondary socialisation...
Role models in the media, teachers, peers and cultural leaders.
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What's the social learning theory?
"Theory of observational learning"- Behaviour can develop as a result of observing and imitating others.
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Who is the main theorist of the social learning theory?
Albert Bandura.
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Who might we be more likely to imitate?
People we admire and look up to like a role model.
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What are the features of a model that may influence us to imitate their behaviour?
Status, Fame, Competence, Gender, Prestige, Similarity to ourselves.
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What did Albert Bandura conclude?
That not all behaviour is learnt through reinforcement and conditioning.
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What are the strengths to Albert Bandura's theory?
Suggests positive role models will encourage positive behaviour-Useful for teachers,childminders. Helps to explain why people carry out behaviours even when there is no external reward.
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What are the weaknesses to Albert Bandura's theory?
It doesn't always explain how all behaviour is learnt. Not all behaviour is copied from someone else. Doesn't take personality traits into account.(innate biological)
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What are susceptible diseases?
An increased likelihood of acquiring a disease because of an individual's genetic makeup.
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What are predisposition diseases?
Inherited genes that determine physical growth, development, health & appearance.
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What are biological factors?
The environment inside the mothers womb can have a dramatic influence on a childs development.It can affect a child's development including their attention span and learning abilities.
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What are respiratory disorders?
Conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity.
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What are cardiovascular problems?
Any disorder or disease of the heart or blood vessels.
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What are allergies?
Caused by irritants such as dust or pollen, causing the immune system to overreact.
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Give 5 examples of predisposition diseases...
Cystic fibrosis, Brittle bone, Huntington's, Klinefelter & Phenylketonuria.
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Give 2 biological examples that can affect fetal development and how?
Smoking & drinking- The nicotine contains carbon dioxide which gets into the bloodstream, restricting oxygen to the fetus.
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According to the world health organisation (WHO) what do most diseases come from?
Environmental factors and the complex interaction of many genes.
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What happens during an asthma attack?
Breathing becomes difficult , as the airways become inflamed and constricted.
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What does evidence suggest about health from poor housing?
That it increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular, as well as anxiety and depression.
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Name some aspects that can pose risk to health in a home...
Dampness, structural defects (broken windows), Lack of green open spaces, deprived areas, vandalised, spread of infection through poor sanitation, poor cleaning and cooking facilities.
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How can respiratory disorders develop from poor housing?
Overcrowded housing, lack of heating and poor ventilation, in which causes damp and mould leading to respiratory problems.
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How is poor housing linked to anxiety and depression?
Embarrassment to friends, no extra curricular activities involving money can be afforded, stress of paying bills, fear of crime, bullying, Worry of where children are & meeting their needs.
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What is a family?
A social group of people, often related genetically, by marriage or by living together as a group.
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What are the 4 family types?
Nuclear, single parent, extended & blended.
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How can being a part of a family help develop?
Help to; form emotional relationships and attachments, first experiences of social interaction, meeting phsyical needs, supporting each other emotionally, protecting family from stress, helping each other financially or practically.
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What is a dysfunctional family?
A family that is not providing all of the support and benefits associated with being in a family.
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What factors can cause family dysfunction?
Stress caused by mental health issues, poor housing & low income, poor parenting skills, neglecting children, inconsistent discipline.
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What are the potential impacts on children/ adolescence on parental divorce & separation?
Emotional distress, lack in resilience, reliance on friends, easily pressures, poverty, underachievement in school, self harming, self blame, envy parents, jealousy of new siblings, lack of trust in relationships.
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What can exposure to high levels of conflict lead to?
A child becoming aggressive and displaying bullying to other children in the family.
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What did Rosenthal and Doherty state?
That children who are in rivalry with siblings or are bullies are quite often bullied by their parents.
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What are the 3 parenting styles identified by Diana called?
Authoritative, permissive & Authoritarian.
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What are the definitions of each parenting style identified by Diana?
Authoritative-Parents aren't overly strict. Permissive- Parents make few demands and may be reluctant to implement rules or values. Authoritarian- Parents have very high expectations, often overwhelming children with strict rules and regulations.
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Give 5 reasons why someone might bully...
Being bullied themselves, revenge, threats, social media, race, culture & religion.
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Give 5 impacts of of bullying...
Reduced self-esteem, self harming, stress, depression, social anxiety.
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Income and expenditure?
A persons level of income and personal wealth.
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What could a lack of income mean?
Inability to afford clothing, food, bills and housing.
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What is absolute poverty?
Not being able to afford basics such as clothing, food, bills and housing.
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What is relatively poor?
Being able to afford basic resources but not much else.
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Give 5 social impacts of low income...
Social exclusion, Discrimination, poverty trap, gang culture, poor self confidence/esteem.
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Who is likely to be on low income?
Lone parent families, unemployed, elderly, sick people or those with disabilities, unskilled couples, single earner families.
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What is an employment status?
Whether a person is employed or not.
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Are manual worker low or highly paid?
low.
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Which area are people with few or no qualifications likely to work in?
Manual work.
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What are unpredictable life events? Give examples.
Events that happen unexpectedly such as unplanned pregnancy, redundancy, divorce & bereavement
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What are predicted life events? Give examples.
Events that are expected to happen at a particular time such as starting school, starting and changing employment, partnership and marriage and retirement.
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What did Dr Holmes & Dr Richard Rahe measure?
STRESS.
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Criticisms of Holmes & Rahe SRRS?
Only testes on males.Criteria outdated and only relevant to society in 1967.Not age related.
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What is Alzheimers?
A progressive neurological disease that affects the memory.
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What are the 6 stages of Alzheimers?
Short term memory loss, logical thoughts process affected, erratic mood swings, paranoia and hallucinations, long term memories affected & the control centre shuts down (death).
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What are the common conditions for adults 65+ ?
High cholesterol, arthritis, heart disease, diabetes, COPD, & heart failure.
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What happens to the artery walls during ageing?
Lose their elasticity and get furred up with fatty deposits, kidneys tiny filtration systems decline in number and insulin may no the produced.
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What is the disengagement theory?
Theory that older people will need to withdraw from social contact with others.
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Why would older people disengage?
Because of reduced physical health, and loss of social opportunities.
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What happens to the brain function as we age?
Starts to decline as cells are not replaced and the blood supply to the brain isn't as good.
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Who is responsible for the care of elderly?
Welfare state, private/ voluntary organisations, sheltered housing facilities, family- dependent on geographic location.
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What are developmental norms?
A description of an average set of expectations with respect to a young child's development.
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What is associative play?
A group of children participate in similar or identical activities without formal organisation, group direction/interaction or a definite goal.
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What is primary socialisation?
immediate Family and friends
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what is secondary socialisation?
Affects the health and wellbeing of individuals through gender roles, attitudes, the development of social norms and values and by influence on lifestyle choices.
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What's the social learning theory?
"Theory of observational learning"- Behaviour can develop as a result of observing and imitating others.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is growth?

Back

An increase in some measured quantity, such as height & weight

Card 3

Front

What is development?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are fine motor skills?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Give 3 examples of fine motor skills.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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