The waste products that are produced can damage our tissues.
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How can viruses make us ill?
As the virus replicates inside the cell it damages the cell, then the cell bursts and dies once it is full of virus.
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How is the Skin a defence agaisnt Pathogens?
The skin is a pathogen proof barrier.
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How is sweat a defence against Pathogens?
Sweat contains lysozyme which is an antibacterial chemical.
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How do mucus and cilia cells work together as a defence against Pathogens?
The pathogens stick to the mucus, then the cilia cells sweep the mucus out of the body.
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How are white blood cells a defence against Patogens?
1.Macrophage engulf and digest bacteria - phagocytosis 2. Lymphocytes produce antibodies(that destroy pathogens) and antitoxins that destroy toxins.
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Give some examples of natural medicines
Willow Tree is a painkiller, Foxglove treats arithmia to slow down the heart.
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Why are natural medicines not reliable?
There is a varied dosage and it may be unhygenic.
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What do painkillers do?
Reduce/remove symptoms but the pathogens are still there.
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What do antibiotics do?
Kill bacteria
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Why is there so many different types of antibiotic?
There are many different types of bacteria.
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Why do antibiotics not treat measles, colds or flus?
They are viruses
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Why is it difficult to make drugs to treat viral infections?
The virus is usually inside a cell so it is hard to kill the virus ithout killng the cell.
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What is the first stage of drug testeing called?
Pre-clinical trials
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What do scientist test on in pre-clinical trial?
Cells, tissues, animals
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Why do scientists test on cells?
To see if it damages any part of the cell and to see if there are any cancerous changes.
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Why do scientists test on tissues?
To see the effect on a group of cells.
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Why do scientists test on animals?
To see how the drug effects a full organism, also to check toxicity..
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What is the secong stage of drug testing called?
Clinical trials
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What do scientist test on in clinical trials?
Healthy volenteers, patients, double-blind trial
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Why do scientists test on healthy volenteers?
Check for side effects
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Why do scientists check on patients?
To check the efficacy of the drug and dosage.
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What is the double-blind trial?
One group of people are given a placebo, the other group are given the real drug this is so there is a control group and people don't just think that they are getting better.
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Why is it called a double-blind trial?
Because neither the tester nor the doctor (who is prescribing and testing) know if they are getting the placebo.
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What are the stages of how monoclonal antibodies are made?
1. Rodent is injected with antigen 2.rodent will produce antibodies (lymphocytes) 3.lymphocytes removed from the mouse. 4. Lymhocytes are mixed with tumor cells so they reproduce quicker 5. The cells that are making the antibodies are removed
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What is a non-communicable disease?
These diseases cannot be transfered from one person to another.
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