HD - Adrenal basics

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What are the three layers of the cortex?
Zona glomerulosa, fasiculata, reticularis
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What does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?
Catecholamine's (Adrenaline and NA)
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What enzyme does the zona glomerulosa lack?
17-alpha-hydroxylase
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What enzyme does ZF and ZR lack?
Aldosterone synthase
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Where in the cortex of the adrenal glands is aldosterone made?
Zone glomerulosa
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What does the zona fasiculata produce?
Cortisol
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Where is DHEA and other sex steroids produced?
Reticularis
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What molecules does cortisol have a negative effect on?
CRH and ACTH
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Describe the synthesis of steroid hormones?
Derived from cholesterol. ACTH acts on GPCR activating adenyl cyclase to make cAMP. cAMP activates PKA activating cholesterol ester hydrolase liberating cholesterol from lipid droplets. Also the stimulation of desmolase
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What receptors do steroid receptors interact with?
Nuclear receptors
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What leads to the dissociation of hsp90?
Steroid receptors binding to to t cytoplasmic receptor
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What are the metabolic effects of glucocorticoids?
Same effects as when hypoglycaemic, decreased Ca2+ absorption in the gut and increased Ca2+ excretion by the kidneys. Decreased osteoblast activity and increased osteoclast
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What are the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids?
Early they reduce redness and swelling, but later it results in poor wound healing and repair. Decreases expression of COX-2, cytokines, complement, NO, histamine, IgG. Increases annexin-1 which inhibits PLA2
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Cortisol acts on mineralcorticoid receptors to have what effect?
Increase Na+ retention and K+ excretion
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How do you inactivate cortisol?
Convert it to cortisone with 11-beta HSD
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How many isoforms of 11-beta HSD are there?
2
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Where is isoform 1 of 11-beta HSD found?
In aldosterone sensitive tissues converting cortisol to cortisone
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Where is isoform 2 of 11-beta HSD found?
In the liver, adipose and muscle tissues, converting cortisone to cortisol
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Give two examples of mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone and spironolactone
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What is the effect of aldosterone?
In the DCT and collecting duct, increases the number of ENaC in the apical membrane and increases Na+K+ATPase in the basolateral membrane. Activated in Low BP to raise BP
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What blocks ENaC?
Amiloride
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What is spironolactone?
Antagonist of aldosterone, K+ sparring diuretic
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What weak androgens do the adrenal glands release? (3)
DHEA, DHEAS, androstenedione
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In pre-menopausal women, what % of androstenedione is from the adrenal glands to be converted into oestrogen and testosterone?
50%
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Excess secretion of androgens in women leads to...?
Hirsutism and virilisation
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Why is the production of oestrogen highest in obese people, post menopausal?
The main oestrogen is oestrone and peripheral conversion takes place in adipose tissue
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?

Back

Catecholamine's (Adrenaline and NA)

Card 3

Front

What enzyme does the zona glomerulosa lack?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What enzyme does ZF and ZR lack?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where in the cortex of the adrenal glands is aldosterone made?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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