A reaction in which an atom/group of atoms are replaced
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Why do haloalkanes take part in nucleophilic substitution?
They have a polar bond and C-X and X is more electronegative than the carbon
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What happens in nucleophilic substitution reactions?
New covalent bond formed between nucleophile and electron deficient carbon. Carbon-Halogen (X) bond is broken so a halide ion is released
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What are some examples of nucleophiles?
OH- NH3- C(triple bond)N-
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What are the reagents and conditions for a reaction of haloalkanes and sodium hydroxide?
Aqueous alkali (NaOH) and heat
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What are the products of the reaction with sodium hydroxide?
Alcohol and Sodium Halide
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What makes a haloalkane have a faster rate of hydrolysis?
The weakness of the carbon-halogen bond present in the haloalkane
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How can you measure rate of hydrolysis?
Warm each halobutane separately to 60 degrees celsius with aqueous silver nitrate using ethanol as mutual solvent + time how long it takes for precipitate silver halide to form.
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What are some formulas and their uses of the haloalkane CFC?
CFCl3 and CF2Cl2, Aerosols and refrigerators
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Where does the Ozone layer occur naturally?
Stratosphere
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What is the Ozone's job?
Absorb short wavelength UV radiation from the sun which is harmful to humans
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Why is UV radiation harmful to humans?
Can cause cancer
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Why had the Ozone concentration stayed constant until recently?
The rate at which Ozone is formed equals to the rate at which it is broken down
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What is the equation for the formation of ozone?
O2 +O (equilibrium sign) O3
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Why is the equilibrium reaction a slow reaction?
Low concentration of oxygen atoms
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What is ozone depletion?
The breakdown of Ozone caused by human activity
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What is ozone depletion catalysed by and where do they come from?
Cl radicals from CFCs and Nitrogen oxide radical from lightning and aircrafts
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How are chlorine radicals formed?
When high energy UV hits chlorofluorocarbons such as CFCl3
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What two steps happen after the chlorine radical has been formed?
Cl' + O3 ---> ClO' + O2, CLO' + O ---> CL' +O2
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Why do the chlorine radicals continue to break down the ozone layer?
Because they are formed again at the end of the ozone depletion reaction
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What is the overall equation for ozone depletion?
O3 + O ---> 2O2
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What is equation for formation of Nitrogen oxide radicals?
N2 +O2 ---> 2NO Radicals
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What are the two steps after Nitrogen oxide radicals have been formed?
NO' + O3 ---> NO2' + O2, NO2' + O ---> NO' + O2
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Nitrogen oxide radicals' overall equation of the depletion of the ozone layer is the same a Chlorine radicals'. True or false?
True
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Why does the ozone layer break dwon more quickly in the presence of these radicals?
Activation energy lowered to break down O3
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What protocol was put in place to reduce ozone depletion and how?
1997 Montreal protocol, bans use of CFCs in products where no suitable alternative could be found
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is a substitution?
Back
A reaction in which an atom/group of atoms are replaced
Card 3
Front
Why do haloalkanes take part in nucleophilic substitution?
Back
Card 4
Front
What happens in nucleophilic substitution reactions?
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