In most cultures what have psychotropic plant drugs done?
Played a role in religious practices, magic rituals and healing
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How is psychotropic plants known as?
Opium, hashish, magic mushrooms
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What does it consist of?
Number of different drugs with varying chemical structures and behavioural effects such as ability to alter sensory perceptions, awareness and thoughts
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What are the 6 examples of hallucingens?
PCP, LSD, psilocybin, MDMA, mescaline, DMT
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What is the connection between bread and LSD?
Many outbreaks of bread poisoning throughout history, convulsions and hallucinations from eating Rye bread
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How was LSD discovered?
By using Ergot fungus from wheat in folk medicine to prevent bleeding in childbirth and migraines
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What happened in the 1940s?
Hoffman discovered hallucinogenic properties, produced a distortion of perceived reality, visual and auditory illusions and synaesthesias
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What is important about serotonin?
It is the neurotransmitter important for hallucinogenic drug action
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HOw do hallucinogenic drugs interact with serotonin receptors?
In the locus coerulus and the cerebral cortex the actions of indoleamine and pherenthylamine drugs have been shown to be mediated by 5HT2 receptors
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What does Mescaline do?
A partial agonist at 5HT2A receptors
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What are the important regions in the brain?
B7=Dorsal Raphe B8= median Raphe
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What is drug administration in a rat?
Train a rat to associate one lever with placebo injection and one lever with a drug that we know how it works: eg: increase serotonin
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What happens if you have a drug and you dont know what it does?
Give the rat the drug and see if it presses the placebo lever or the drug lever, if it presses the drug lever then your drug is similar to the training drug
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What was found with rats and LSD?
rats pressed the lever more times for LSD than Saline solution
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How did the first study show that hallucinogenic drugs act thorugh 5HT2 receptors?
rats were trained to recognise serotonin receptor agonist drug (DOM. Then they were given a hallucinogenic drugs and responsed as if they had DOM. Then they gave a drug that blocks serotonin receptor and they stopped responding as if they had DOM
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What do early studies of Phencyclidine and Ketamine show?
Early studies showed anaesthetic effect but patients showed a catatonic like state, Angel dust on the streets
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What are the subjective experiences reported by ketamine users/
sensations of light coming through the body, complete loss of time sense, bizarre distortions of body size, altered perception of body consistency, sensation of floatin
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What is PCP and Ketamine?
NMDA (glutamate) antagonists
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What are the three subtypes of glutamate?
NMDA, AMPA Metabotropic
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What does PCP have?
Activity in the dopamine system, nucleus accumbens and olfactory turbercule
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What are hallucinogenics used for?
To model psychoses. some studies suggest hallucinogen induced states are appropriate models for acute stages of schizophrenia
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What does Ketamine show?
To have a rapidly acting antidepressant properties
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What does psilocybin recently show?
Anti-anxiety and antidepressant properties
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When was MDMA made?
Synthesised in 1912 in Germany, tested in the 1950s and 1970s
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What is amphetamine analogue classed as?
Hallucinogen and not as a stimulant because it changes perceptual awareness
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What are the feelings?
Euphoria, tingling and a sense of increased sociability, it also enhances release noradrenaline dopamine and serotonin
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What is is used by?
18% used by students
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What did Malberg and Seiden find?
Increase in temp in MDMA not control
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What did 85-90% of users say?
Increase in body temperature
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What does high neurotoxic show?
loss of fine axon endings that arise from dorsal raphe nucelus, it is too early for longitudinal studies in humans
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What did McCann find?
Showed lower cerebrospinal fluid 5-HIAA in MDMA users
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What did Mccan find in Pet scans?
PET scan (McCann, 1998) reduced density of 5-HT transporter sites correlated with extent of past ecstasy use. Semple (1999) decreased density 5-HT transporter sites in neuroimaging study
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What was the gender effect?
F greater 5-HIAA reduction (-46%) than M (-20%) compared to non-MDMA users.
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What does serotonin do?
Blocks receptor on presynaptic membrane to prevent reuptake
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