Group Processes and Performance

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What are the main 4 types of groups?
Intimacy groups, task, social and loos assocation
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What is the early work on social facilitation?
Triplett (1898) had tracked cyclists, performances were faster when paced compared to being alone and in competition compared with being paced
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What was hypothesised?
The presence of the audience, particularly competition energised performance on motor task
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How did Triplett test this hypothesis?
Using a fishing line apparatus and found children performed better when racing against each other than when alone
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What did Allport suggest?
A more generalised effect of 'mere presence'
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What is 'mere presence' defined as?
entirely passive and unresponsive audience that is only physically present
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Why is there an improvement in performance?
Due to mere presence of conspecifics as coactors or passive audience
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What did research reveal?
social presence--> social inhibition
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What was there an improvement in?
the performance of well learnt/easy tasks and a deterioration in the performance of poorly-learnt difficult tasks in the mere presence of members of the same species
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What is Zajonic's drive theory?
Mere presence of others creates an increase in arousal and energises 'dominant response
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What is a dominant response?
what is typically done in that situation, well learnt/habitual response
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What happens if the dominant response is correct?
Performance will be facilitated
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What happens if the dominant response is incorrect?
Performance will be inhibited
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What did Cottrell say about evaluation apprehension theory?
We learn about social reward based on others' evaluation
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What is the perception of an evaluating audience?
Creates arousal not mere presence
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What is social facilitation?
An acquired effect based on perceived evaluation of others
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How did Cottrell et al support this hypothesis?
An audience with 3 conditions: blindfolded, merely present, attentive audience
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What were the tasks?
Well learned
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When was social facilitation found?
When the audience was perceived to be evaluative
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What did Markus find?
Time taken to dress in familiar clothes/unfamiliar clothes as a function of social presence
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What were the three conditions?
1 alone, 2 in the presence of an incidental audience, 3 in the presence of an attentive audience
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What is the distraction-conflict theory?
Presence of audience/coactors --> attentional conflict --> increase arousal--> social facilitation effects
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What are the DCT strengths?
General distraction (noise, movement, flashing lights) can explain performance facilitation/inhibition in animal research
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What is the ringlemann effect?
Men pulling on a rope attached to a dynamometer exerted less force in proportion to the number of people in the group
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What were the reasons for the effect?
Coordination loss; as group size inhibits movement, distraction, jostling and motivation loss; participants did not try as hard ; less motivated
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What is the evidence for social loafing?
Ingham et al, investigated this with real groups and pseudo-groups pulling on a rope
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what were the real groups and pseudo-groups?
Real group had groups of a varying size whereas pseudogroups, only one pps rest were confederates who didnt pull at all
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What did Latane et al find?
supported this through clapping, shouting, and cheering
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What was recorded>
recorded amount of cheering made per person reduced by 29% in 2 person groups, 49% in 4 person groups and 60% in 6 person groups
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Why do people loaf?
Green, output equity, evaluative apprehension, matching on standard, increased effort on collective task when task is important to compensate for anticipated loafing by others
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What is brainstomring?
Uninhabited generation of as many ideas as possible in group in order to enhance group creativity
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However, in nominal groups what are they?
Twice as creative as groups that interact
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What is group polarisation?
Tendency for group discussion to produce more exreme group decisions that the mean of members' prediscussion opinions, in the direction favoured by the mean
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Such as?
Persuasive arguments and social comparison
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What is group think?
Highly cohesive groups in which the desire to reach unanimous agreement overides the motivation to adopt rational decision making procedures
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What is a cause?
Group cohesiveness principle cause
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What are antecendents?
insulation of group, lack of impartial leadership
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What are symptoms?
Direct pressure on dissidents, tendency to ignore. discredit info contary to group's positions --> poor decision making.
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Card 2

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What is the early work on social facilitation?

Back

Triplett (1898) had tracked cyclists, performances were faster when paced compared to being alone and in competition compared with being paced

Card 3

Front

What was hypothesised?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

How did Triplett test this hypothesis?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What did Allport suggest?

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