Green crime

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How does Wolf use the tern Green Crime?
Green time was first used in traditional criminology to describe actions that beak laws protecting the environment
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What did Lynch and Stresky say with regards to transgressive approach?
Sugest that environmental or green criminology should adopt a more transgressive or wider approach which goes beyond defining it simply as law breaking
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White and transgressive approach
Considers environmental crime to be any human action that causes environmental harm, whether or not it is illegal. Crimes are actions that hurt environment and everything in it
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Example of a green crime- Bhopal disaster
Illustrates both traditional criminology and environmental justice. Leaked poisonous gas killing 25000, damaging 120000.
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Traditional criminology on Bhopal disaster
Suggests that the disaster arose becuase Union Carbide broke the health and safety laws
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Transgressive approach on Bhopal disaster
Suggest Union Carbide deliberetely located plants in countries where health and safety laws were weak and there was less concern for the environment
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Example of green crime- VW emmisions
11 million cars fitted with devices to cheat emmissions tests resulting in 1m tonnes of extra air pollution per year
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Beck on green crime and global risk society
Many environmental disasters such as droughts were of natural origin. In late modernity there are new risks created by humans through application of science and technology
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White, green crime and globalisation
Illustrates globalised character of environmental harm by the way transnational corporations move manufacturing operations to global south avoiding pollution laws, either illegally dump European waste or send it for procesing
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Who commits crime- Individuals
Can have a powerful cumilative effect on the environment, through things such as littering, illegal disposal of household waste (flytipping), collecting eggs of protected birds etc.
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Who commits crime- Private buisnesses and coporations
Cause most devastating environmental harm, typical example of corporate crime, large corporations responsible for much land, air/water pollute through emmisons, waste dumping and breaches of health and sfety
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Who commits crime- State and government
In collusion with private buisnesses. Santana says military is largest institutional polluter, warfare plays role in generating risk and environmental detruction
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Who commits crime- Organised crime
Wolf points out organized crime has had long standing involvement in green crime, often in collusion with government and industry. Proportion of environmental crime is carried out by organised global crime.
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Massari and Monzini- Organised green crime
Revealed collusion between mafia type organisations, legal buisnessess and local authorities in hazardous waste disposal in Italy. Driven by demand for cheap means, unethical
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Victims of green crime- Wolf
Points out that there are wide inequalities in the distribution of harm and risks to victims caused by environmental destruction, and in how laws are made applied and enforced
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Potter- Victims of crime
Points out the current social divisions are reinforced by environmental harms, least powerful working class being the victims of green crimes, in both developing and developed countries
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White- victims of crime
Shows people living in the developing world, increasingly provides legal and illegal dump sites for the developed world's unwanted waste, face far greater risksof exposure to envrinomental air, land and water pollution than those in developed world
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Who is responsible for enforcement against green crimes
The governement is mainly responsible for creating and enforcing laws and regulations that control green crime, but they often form these policies in colabortion with the buissnesses who are most likely to be the principle offenders
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Snide on enforcing against green crime
From a marxist perspective, argues state are often reluctant to pass laws against pollution and other environmental harm by private buisness, and generally do so only when pressured opposition or during environmental crisises
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Sutherland enforcing against green crime
Like other types of white collar crime and corporate crimes, environmental crimes often dont carry the same stigma as conventional crimes. Powerful coporations often ahve the money and power to avoid the illegal/criminal label being attached
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UK environment agency on waste crime
It is often large scale, organised and profitable, in England and Wales highest fine for waste crime was 170 thousand, 16 prison sentances which are minor sanctions for huge crimes
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Wolf- Problemms enforcing against crime in poor countries
Poorer and developing countries may not have the resources, pollitical power, or will to enfroce restrictions on things like dumping of toxic materials, illegal logging or trading poached animals
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White- Explaining green crimes
Argues they arise because transnational corporations and nation states hold a broadly anthopocentric view of the world suggesting that most important consideration for nations is well being of citizens, environment is secondary consideration
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Wolf- Explaining green crime
Green crime is motivated by same factors as conventional crime, individuals and companies motivated to break environmental laws because it pays, they have less punishment and stigma and are not seen as being wrong
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Marxists explaining green crime
Serious green crime is a example of what Pearce calls crimes of the powerfull. Corporate crimes arrising from criminogenicc capitalism, minimizing costs, maximising rewards
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Problems researching green crimes- Different laws
Countries have diferent laws about green crime, which means that official statistics may not allways be comparable between different countries
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Problems researching green crimes- Different definitons
There is dispute over what counts as a green crime, varies between researchers and nations. Some define it as breaking the law, others as harming the environment. This is difficult because its very subjective
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Problems researching green crimes- Difficulties in measurement
Often carried out by individuals, organised crime syndicate, powerful states etc. All have capacity to conceal their crimes therefore they can be difficult to discover thus measure
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Problems researching green crimes- Use of case studies
Much research is in the form of case studies of green crime such as Bhopal and VW emissions fraud.These are limited in explaining and making generalisations about the cuase of the crime
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Evaluation of green criminology- White
Reffered to eco-global- criminnology,locating crime within a wider framework of sociological theories of crime, state and corporate crime and the ideas of a global risk society and globalisation
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What did Lynch and Stresky say with regards to transgressive approach?

Back

Sugest that environmental or green criminology should adopt a more transgressive or wider approach which goes beyond defining it simply as law breaking

Card 3

Front

White and transgressive approach

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Example of a green crime- Bhopal disaster

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Traditional criminology on Bhopal disaster

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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