Gray's RST

What did Gray propose?

It is based on brain function and is a bottom up approach, focuses on brain function then attaches the theory. The original model had 3 aspects: BIS, BAS and FFS

1 of 36

What is the Behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

Sensitive to conditional punishment, linked to anxiety and fear. Responds to punishment. The neural substrate that is linked to is septo-hippocampal system. Withdrawal/avoidance

2 of 36

What is the behaviour activation system?

Sensitive to reward, responds to incentives, the neural substrate it is linked to is the dopaminergic systes. key behaviour is approach

3 of 36

FFS

Flight/fight system: relates to the avoidance of punishing behaviour and negative stimuli. Unconditioned response, which is why it is different from BIS. key behaviour is withdrawal/avoidance

4 of 36

What does this model state?

We see a stimuli, assess if it is positive or negative

5 of 36

What does a positive stimuli elicit ?

A response from BAS, approaching the stimuli. Assess if it is positive or negative. Positive stimuli elicit a response from BAS, approaching the stimuli.

6 of 36

What does a negative stimuli elicit?

A response from BIS/ withdrawal anxiety

7 of 36

What does a negative stimuli that is unconditioned activate?

The FFS system, also linked with withdrawal/anxiety. Activation occurs via the neural substrates

8 of 36

What is paragraph 2?

The measurement of BIS/BAS

9 of 36

How is BIS measured?

Mainly done through self report questionnaires, most commonly used questionnaire is the BIS questionaire developed by Carver and White (1994), sensitivity tpunishment questionnaire developed by Torrubia et al, 2001, all questions relate to punishment

10 of 36

How is BAS measured?

Self report questionnaires, BAS questionnaires, 3 sub sections: fun seeking, reward responsiveness, drive, sensitivity to reward

11 of 36

Stone (2005)

Problems with self report techniques include a desire to look good for the experimenter or aid the experiment meaning to help with the research meaning that we might lie

12 of 36

However, what do they scales seem?

Valid as they measure what we expect them to measure

13 of 36

What is paragraph 3?

physiological substrates

14 of 36

Canli et al (2001)

fMRI studies supported the reinforcement sensitivity model. They found that extraverts frontal brain regions reacted more when they were viewing pleasant and rewarding images

15 of 36

What are introvert's frontal brain regions?

Were more active when viewing threatening images. this suggests that introverts were more sensitive to the threatening stimuli, supporting Gray's model

16 of 36

Balconi et al (2012)

They measured participants ERPS, heart rate, skin conductance, and facial muscular responses when viewing either positive or negative stimuli.

17 of 36

What did they find?

When participants were high in BAS they has increases ERPs, increased skin conductance and increased heart rate deceleration, which is linked to preparing behaviour, when they were shown positive images.

18 of 36

Participants high in BIS showed what?

The same responses when they were viewing the negative images

19 of 36

Levita et al (2014)

Participants completed BIS questionnaire to assess how active BIS was

20 of 36

They underwent what?

MRI scans, to examine the hippocampal structures which were related to anxiety, thus related to BIS

21 of 36

What was found?

There was a positive correlation between BIS scores and increased hippocampal volume, supporting the theory

22 of 36

Whisman et al (2011)

BIS associated with genes: BIS is linked to serotonergic network as the terminals synapse onto the septo-hippocampal neurons. People with short 5HT allele are linked to neuroticism, association between 5HT allele and BIS

23 of 36

Paragraph 4

Similar traits in non humans

24 of 36

What did Gray find?

create a different reactions to punishment/ reward in rats two different areas of the brain had to be lesioned. This suggests that there are 2 separate systems which support BIS and BAS

25 of 36

Mathew and Gililand's (1999)

Using substrates to create a relationship between personality and psychophysiology is not good enough. we are still not fully aware of the actual neuropsychological bases as we still havent mapped out all the brain areas and linked them to behaviour

26 of 36

What do learning models show?

Effects with classical conditioning, which Gray's original theory did not argue

27 of 36

What did impulsivity seem to do?

Influence the role of anxiety to punishment cues, so separate subsystems may not be correct

28 of 36

Corr's response to these criticism

1) Inconsistences may be due to operationalising with the questionnaires used to measure BIS and BAS 2) Learning models do show some conditioning, but this could be due to 2nd order Pavlovian conditioning

29 of 36

What does impulsivity do?

seem to influence anxiety, but this is due to animals having stronger reactions to appetitive/punishment schedules, in humans we do not so it is unlikely that one would completely inhibit another

30 of 36

Gray and McNaughton, 200

BAS: Not much changes, Still reacts to conditioned and unconditioned rewards. Related to the emotions of anticipatory pleasure. Clinically associated with addiction and mania

31 of 36

BIS

changes the most. Acts as a resolution of conflict between FFFS and BAS. Goal is to resolve the conflict to bring organism back to a non-conflict state

32 of 36

What does BIS act as?

alarm signal, creating anxiety and allows us to assess the risk. Related to worry, and clinically associated with general anxiety and OCD

33 of 36

FFFS

flight, fight, freeze system. Sensitive to unconditioned and conditioned (phobias) stimuli. Associated with Fear, and phobias/ panic disorders - New model allowed to understand the nature of fear/anxiety

34 of 36

What is Jackson 5?

- New self report questionnaire to assess the BIS BAS FFFS - Some of the questions do appear to lack face validity, maybe they are too broad? - Scales do cover all aspects of FFFS - Inconsistency between findings and theoretical explanations

35 of 36

Heym et al (2008)

- Based on Carver & White’s BIS/BAS scale - Changes some BIS for FFFS

36 of 36

Get Revising

Gray's RST

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Similar Psychology resources:

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Back

Card 3

Front

Back

Card 4

Front

Back

Card 5

Front

Back

Comments

Related discussions on The Student Room

Similar Psychology resources: