Gray's reinforcement Sensitivity approach

?
How did the original RST start?
It started with psychopharmacological and lesion based animal studies
1 of 89
What is it based on?
brain function
2 of 89
what is it also known as?
The Bottom up theory of basic personality
3 of 89
What are the two basic human motivations?
Obtaining rewarding experiences and avoiding punishment/negative experiences
4 of 89
What is Gray's first hypothesised system?
Behavioural inhibition system, sensitive to conditioned punishment stimuli, emotions related, key behaviours: Withdrawal and avoidance
5 of 89
What is the second hypothesised system?
fight-flight system, relating to the avoidance of punishment and negative stimuli, key behaviours:withdrawal and avoidance
6 of 89
What is the third hypothesised system?
Relating to the movement towards appetitive and rewarding stimuli, key behaviour: approach
7 of 89
What is the conceptual nervous system?
Gray's idea of the processes involved in behavour were the result of a conceptual CNS and one which seemed to fit the data.
8 of 89
What did Gray investigate?
The brain directly to find structures and neural variables which operated in the way that confirmed his conceptual CNS following Pavlov
9 of 89
What is BAS?
Responsive to incentives, cues for reward, regulates approach behaviours
10 of 89
What is the neural substrate?
Dopaminergic projection system
11 of 89
What is an appetitive mechanism?
Vulunerable to positive emotions, inhibition decreases as nears goal, responsible for impulsivity
12 of 89
What is BIS?
Responsive to punishments, conditioned cues for punishment, fustration, regulates avoidance behaviours
13 of 89
What is the neural substrate?
Septo-hippocampal system
14 of 89
What is the appetitive mechanism?
Vulunerable to negative emotions, responsible for anxiety
15 of 89
What did Gray propose instead of Extraverts and neuroticism?
Impulsivity and anxiety
16 of 89
What is the first relationship between Gray and Eysenck?
E and N dimensions rotated 30 degrees from anxiety and impulsivity.
17 of 89
How is the rotation more causally efficient?
Those high in E and a little high in N = impulsive, those high in I and high in N = anxious, it does not take into account the sociability aspect of E
18 of 89
Gray's E and N are what?
The subsystems of the RST
19 of 89
For example?
Introverts more sensitive to punishment. Punishment is more arousing than reward so Is are more aroused, arousal is due to reward/punishment sensitivity
20 of 89
Pickering et al (1999)
Most data supports the notion that E = impulsivity and N= anxiety
21 of 89
What are the RST development of BIS/BAS?
Links anxiety and impulsivity to learning, reinforcement (positive and negative), punishment (and loss of reinforcement)
22 of 89
What do emotions act as?
Internal motivators for behaviour
23 of 89
What are different processes?
Punishment and reward
24 of 89
What does Gray have difficulties with?
UCR-Cr association
25 of 89
What did he say ?
UCR and CR are not the same, UCR pain, CR to CS (anxiety withdrawal)
26 of 89
What did Gray say?
BIS generates the response to the signal of pain/punishment
27 of 89
What is the the RST original fight and flight system?
Sensitive to unconditioned (threatening) stimuli Emotions associated- rage and panic Associated with P and negative affect
28 of 89
What is the RST original Behavioural approach system?
Sensitive to conditioned reward stimuli Emotions related - pleasure, positive affect Associated with Impulsivity and Positive affect
29 of 89
What was the RST original behavioural approach system?
Sensitive to conditioned punishment stimuli Emotions related - anxiety and fear Associated with Anxiety
30 of 89
What is BIS methods of measurements?
BIS, Eysenck's N, Speilberger's state trait anxiety, Cloninger's ham avoidance, sensitivity to punishment, typically measure some behaviour in lab/preference behaviours, associate with BIS measures
31 of 89
What is BAS methods of measurements?
Carver & White (1994) BAS Eysenck’s E and P Eysenck’s Impulsivity Scale Cloninger’s Novelty Seeking Sensitivity to Reward (Torrubia et al, 2001) Typically measure some behaviour in lab / preference behaviours Associate with BAS measures
32 of 89
What are the five main factors to support biological underpinning of traits?
Physiological substrate Hereditary or genetic contribution Similar traits in non-humans Cross cultural evidence Temporal stability
33 of 89
What are the physiological substrates?
Greater BIS sensitivity associated with reduced regional volume of right OFc and percuneus but no link to amygdala
34 of 89
Who found this out?
Fuentes et al (2012)
35 of 89
What are the brain associations?
Canli et al (2001) fMRi images show, extraverts frontal brain reactivity to pleasant and rewarding images, introverts frontal brain reactivity to threatening images
36 of 89
What does this suggest?
Eysenckian model related to reinforcement sensitivity rather than arousal
37 of 89
Barros-Loscertales (2010)
SR scores positively correlated with activation in reward centres in the MPFC but not in the striatum and the OFC
38 of 89
Balconi et al
Showed positive and negative images to individuals and measured ERP, skin conductance, heart rate and facial muscular response
39 of 89
What does High BAS show?
Increased P3 peak amplitude, SCR, heart rate deceleration for positive pictures
40 of 89
What does High BIS show?
Increased P3, SCR, heart rate, deceleration and increased corrugator elicited for negative pictures
41 of 89
What did Larsen et al (2013) find?
Colour naming task: Average performance 50%, Condition 1: Start with $10, punished for incorrect or slow responses - all ended with $5 Condition 2: Start with $0, rewarded for correct and fast responses - all ended with $5, BAS: 2, BIS: 1
42 of 89
Avila & Torribuia (2006)
The task: Gambling task, 8 decks each with cards saying you win or you lose. Probability of losing varied across packs. Start with one pack and move or stick (can't return to a pack, real financial gain/loss
43 of 89
What did Avila and Torrubia find?
SP (low in BIS) made more responses than SP+ (high in BIS), SR+ (high in BAS) made more responses than SR- (low in BIS)
44 of 89
What are the winnings?
Group x% punishment interaction, SP- won more than SP+ if punishment is low, but less if punishment high, underactive BIS associated with lower processing of punishment contingencies
45 of 89
Zinbarg and Mohlman?
Some cues on screen leads to punishment, and others lead to rewards (mostly)
46 of 89
What do students need to work out?
What they are going to expect (punishment or reward) when they see these cues and make appropriate response to win money
47 of 89
Zinbarg and Mohlman (1998)
those high in anxiety were better at identifying expectancies for punishment cues (but not reward cues), high levels of impulsivity moderated the effect of anxiety on responses, if high in impulsivity, those also high in anixety: decrease punishment
48 of 89
High in impulsivity did not what?
help those low in anxiety to moderate their responses to punishment cues
49 of 89
Mathews and Gilliland's first critique?
Neurophysiological substrates results contradictory, seeking relationships between personality and psychophysiology is much like aiming at a moving target with wobbly sights, gray not specified the neurophysiological bases predicted
50 of 89
What is Mathews and Gilliland's second critique?
Learning models yielded shows effects with classical conditioning which Gray's original theory did not argue
51 of 89
What was the third critique?
Learning tasks may not simply be sensitivities but cognitive ability - such as attention
52 of 89
What is the final critique?
IMP seems to influence the role of anxiety to punishment cues meaning separate subsystems approach may not be correct
53 of 89
What is Corr's response (2001)
Some inconsistencies may be due to operationalising the questionnaire measures
54 of 89
What cannot happen?
Extrapolate IMP from E and Anx from N necessarily
55 of 89
What do learning models show?
Some pavlovian conditioning but some of the UCS may actually have a CS component to them (2nd order Pavlovian conditioning) so need to be more basic
56 of 89
What is the last Corr's response?
subsystem approach needs examination
57 of 89
What did Corr (2001)?
In animals studies have strong appetitive/punishment schedules. In humans-likely one system does not completely inhibit the other, likely that IMP +/ ANX- is greatest approach to reward and IMP-/ANX+ greatest avoidance of punishment, tasks refined
58 of 89
Gray & McNaughton, 2000
Fight/flight and Freeze system: sensitive to unconditioned/conditioned aversive stimuli, emotions associated fear, clinical associations with phobias and panic disorders
59 of 89
What is the behavioural approach system
sensitive to conditioned and unconditioned reward stimuli, emotions related-anticipatory pleasure, asociated with impulsivity optimism, clinical association with addictive behaviours, mania, BAS reduces time and space between current state and BR
60 of 89
What is the behavioural inhibition system?
Resolution of conflict between FFFS and the BAS, goal is to resolve conflict and bring organism to state of non conflict, BIS acts as alarm signal using anxiety, risk assessment, emotion:worry, personality aniety proneness, clinical associations: OCD
61 of 89
What do revised systems help?
Understand the nature of fear and anxiety and separate adapted evolutionary based functions, anxiety linked to rumination and vigilance through BIS as conflict resolution function
62 of 89
What is the notion of defensive direction: Perkins and Corr?
Fear (related to FFFS) should --> movement away from threat, anxiety (BIS) should --> movement towards threat (vigilance)
63 of 89
What is the conceptual association of BIS, BAS and FFFS when there is a threat?
Stimulus --> BIS --> FFFS
64 of 89
What about if there isnt a threat?
Stimulus --> BIS --> BAS
65 of 89
What is the revised RST important for?
Development in personality theory
66 of 89
What is therefore done?
More closely maps the findings with animal work and disambiguates the FFS and BIS
67 of 89
But most work focuses on what?
An old measurements not capturing new aspects of BIS or separate FFFS
68 of 89
What are two initial exceptions?
Heym, Ferguson & Lawrence (2008), Jackson (2009)
69 of 89
What are some quotes that BAS would say?
I have a feel for how things work
70 of 89
What are some quotes BIS would say?
I aim to do better than my peers, i want to do well compared to my peers
71 of 89
What are some quotes that BIS would say?
If i caught somebody stealing my belongings, i would attack, if somebody does something bad to me, i would retaliate
72 of 89
What are some quotes that BAS would say?
I can't help but feel terrified if i see a dangerous animal, i used to hide behind a chair as a child when i watched a frigtening TV show
73 of 89
What is the JAckson 5 evaluation?
Good use of criteria to validate the scales – using relevant constructs (e.g. delinquency and psychopathy) Has scales which cover all aspects of FFS – although not BAS BUT – items poor face validity and pattern of validity findings inconsistent
74 of 89
What did Heym et al do?
They compared E, N and P
75 of 89
What is E?
Future orientated: Approach to future reward Positively linked to: BAS-RR BAS-DR BAS-FS Negatively linked to: FFFS-Fear
76 of 89
What is N?
Future orientated: Avoidance of future harm and loss of reward Positively linked to: BAS-RR BIS-Anxiety FFFS-Fear Negatively linked to: BAS-FS
77 of 89
What is P?
Here and now orientated: Approach to immediate reward Positively linked to: BAS-FS Negatively linked to: BAS-RR BIS-Anxiety FFFS-Fear
78 of 89
Heym, Ferguson and Lawrence (2008)
They summarise up P, E and N
79 of 89
Heym and al evaluation?
Good use of criteria to validate the scales – using established and relevant constructs (e.g. E, P and N) Has scales which cover all aspects of BAS– although not FFFS BUT – items good face validity and pattern of validity findings with predictions
80 of 89
What did Reuter et al (2015) suggest?
rBAS: I’m a spontaneous person Most of the time I have a thirst for action I often take risks, outgoing person, easily inspired by new things, whoever dares wins
81 of 89
What did RBIS suggest?
I’m often glad if someone makes decisions for me I often doubt if my efforts will pay off If I have the choice between two appealing options, I have difficulty deciding on one
82 of 89
FFFS- freezing
I often feel paralyzed when in a dangerous situation I usually approach unpleasant tasks without hesitation r I will gladly let unpleasant tasks slip by I like sitting unpleasant things out
83 of 89
FFFS flight
When faced with danger, I tend to flee I usually avoid confrontations When an unpleasant event is inevitable, I’m thrown into a state of panic
84 of 89
FFFS Fight
Most of the time, I cannot defend myself if I am criticized r To avoid worse things happening, I would rather give in r Attack is the best form of defense I am rather a quick witted person In general, I stand up for myself
85 of 89
Administered the scales to who?
large number 1814 (German) and 299 UK
86 of 89
therefore what?
Reliability good for rBIS, and rBAS (.74-.78) Less good for the FFFS scales (.52-.66) But model fitted well in confirmatory factor analysis (CFA
87 of 89
What are the general associations?
Gene coding for arginine vasopressin 1a receptor is implicated in human anxiety Reuter et al (2015) tested buccal swabs for this AVPR1a gene. A functional genetic polymorphism (rs11174811) on this gene was associated with scores on rBIS but no other
88 of 89
Therefore, there is ?
Good molecular genetic evidence, for rBIS scales but not for others as yet and the reliabilities are inadequate on FFFS
89 of 89

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is it based on?

Back

brain function

Card 3

Front

what is it also known as?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What are the two basic human motivations?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is Gray's first hypothesised system?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Gray resources »