Graphics revision.

?
  • Created by: ElishaG
  • Created on: 18-06-16 17:26
What are the four stages of a product life cycle?
1)Introduction.2)Growth.3)Maturity.4)Decline.
1 of 206
Explain introduction.
Gap in market-new product launched.Expensive at first as designer needs to be paid and need money for advertising.
2 of 206
Explain growth.
Sales increase if product is successful.Manufacture costs go down as they're mass produced.Profits increase,competitors introduce similar products.
3 of 206
Explain maturity.
Product well known,sales high but there are more competitors.Products price may be reduced.Fewer new customers.
4 of 206
Explain decline.
Sales fall,profits shrink.Product replaced with new one.Goes back to beginning.
5 of 206
What is obsolence?
When products can become out of date or break, consumer has to replace product.
6 of 206
What do designers sometimes do?
Deliberately design stuff so it becomes useless quickly, e.g. poor quality,make it hard to repair,go out of fashion quickly.
7 of 206
What are the advantages of planned obsolence?
1)Drives innovation.2)Keeps designers and manufacturers in jobs.
8 of 206
What are the disadvantages of planned obsolence?
1)Consumers may get annoyed if products break.2)Not good for environment-uses resources,causes pollution.
9 of 206
What is ACCESS FM?
A=aesthetics.C=customer.C=cost.E=environment.S=safety.S=size.F=function.M=material.
10 of 206
What does ergonomics mean?
Making a product easy and comfortable for people to use.
11 of 206
How can lettering be made ergonomic?
Must be legible, correct size and clear.
12 of 206
Why might texture be important in terms of ergonomics?
If a product needs to be gripped, texture might be important.
13 of 206
Why might weight be important in terms of ergonomics?
If product needs to be moved or carried, needs to be light.
14 of 206
What is anthropometric data?
Considering body measurements of user to make the product the right size.
15 of 206
Describe models.
Can be 2D or 3D drawings done by hand or using CAD(computer aided design).Sketch-up shows virtual 3D model from all angles.3D models can be hand made and scaled down to check shape of design.
16 of 206
Describe mock-ups.
Usually full scale,made of cheap materials(card,paper or clay).Might make mock-up to check a net or design.
17 of 206
Describe prototypes.
Full scale,working mock-up, include mechanisms and components, made using right materials and methods.Could have limited features but are for testing purposes.
18 of 206
What are the names of 6 influential graphic designers?
1)Jock Kinneir and Margaret Calvert.2)Harry Beck.3)Alberto Alessi.4)Robert Sabuda.5)Whalley Ollins.
19 of 206
What did Kinneir and Calvert do?
Invent road signs-used curvy letters that drivers can read easily. Also designed pictograms for warning signs.
20 of 206
What did Beck do?
Maps and systematic drawings.Designed London underground map using straight lines running vertically, horizontally or at 45 degrees. Layout is simple, colours for each line.Other maps designed in this style.
21 of 206
What did Alessi do?
Product design-idea was to produce simple products but keep them stylish and fun.Designs always distinctive and often colourful.
22 of 206
What did Sabuda do?
Paper engineering-folding and cutting paper to create models that unfold and move. Known for making pop-up books.
23 of 206
What did Ollins do?
Corporate identity. Designed logos and images that make a company recognisable e.g. Starbucks logo and the 2012 Olympics logo.
24 of 206
When is paper classed as paper?
Under 200gsm (grams per square metre).
25 of 206
What are 4 different types of paper?
1)Cartridge paper.2)Layout paper.3)Bleed proof paper.4)Tracing paper.
26 of 206
What is cartridge paper like?
Good for sketching and is textured.
27 of 206
What is layout paper like?
Thin and translucent,used for general design work.
28 of 206
What is bleed proof paper like?
Used when drawing with felt tips or markers-doesn't bleed/
29 of 206
What is tracing paper like?
Translucent, used to trace images-more expensive than layout.
30 of 206
When is board classed as board?
When it's above 200 gsm(grams per square metre).
31 of 206
What are 5 types of board?
1)White board.2)Mount board.3)Corrugated board.4)Duplex board.5)Grey board.
32 of 206
What is white board like?
High quality bleached surface, used for packaging.
33 of 206
What is mount board used for?
Used to mount drawings and photos.
34 of 206
What is corrugated board like?
Fluted inner core ans 2 outer layers.Lightweight and strong.
35 of 206
What is duplex board like?
Different colour or material on each side.One surface smooth for prinitng.
36 of 206
What is grey board like?
Rigid and easy to cover.Used for board games,book covers and ring binders.
37 of 206
What are environmental issues of paper and board?
White card uses bleach-can damage environment.
38 of 206
Why is paper and board good for the environment?
1)Lot of board made from recycled paper.2)Fairly sustainable if wood pulp comes from managed forests.
39 of 206
Name 6 adhesives.
1)PVA.2)Double sided tape.3)Glue stick.4)Masking tape.5)Glue gun.6)Adhesive spray.
40 of 206
What are 5 fastenings.
1)Drawing pins.2)Mapping pins.3)Dressmakers pins.4)Paper clips.5)Rubber bands.
41 of 206
What are thermoset-plastics?
Can't be reshaped or remoulded once heated up.Used in electrical and cooking materials.
42 of 206
What is an example of a thermoset-plastic?
formaldehyde.
43 of 206
What is formaldehyde?
Good electrical insulator,resists chemicals,hard-used in circuit boards,plugs,kettles etc.
44 of 206
What are thermoplastics?
Can be reshaped and heated many times.
45 of 206
What are 6 examples of thermoplastics?
1)Acetate.2)HIPS.3)PVC.4)PP.5)Acrylic.6)ABS.
46 of 206
What is acetate?
Flexible,transparent,thin, can print on.
47 of 206
What is HIPS?
High impact polystyrene-rigid,variety of colours,vacuum forming.
48 of 206
What is PVC?
Cheap,durable,different thicknesses.
49 of 206
What is PP?
Polypropylene-strong,flexible,tough-lunchboxes,chairs,car parts.
50 of 206
What is acrylic used for?
Signs,covers for car lights and baths.
51 of 206
What is ABS used for?
Toys,telephones.
52 of 206
What are environmental issues with plastics?
1)Not biodegradable.2)Made from finite resources(oil).3)Pollution from processing and transportation.4)Energy used in processing, extracting.
53 of 206
Why are plastics good for the environment?
The can be recycled and reused.
54 of 206
What are 3 materials used for modelling?
1)Corrugated plastic sheet.2)Expanded polystyrene)Machining foam.
55 of 206
Why is corrugated plastic sheet used for modelling?
Lightweight,impact resistant,waterproof,modelling objects with large flat surface.
56 of 206
Why is expanded polystyrene used for modelling?
Lightweight,shape with craft knife or hot wire cutter.Needs surface filling before painting.
57 of 206
Why is machining foam used for?
More compact and less crumbly, can be painted.
58 of 206
Describe spiral wound tubing.
1)Made from paper wound in a spiral,held together with glue.2)Strong and lightweight.
59 of 206
What are composite materials?
Made up of more than one material.
60 of 206
What are 3 examples of composite materials?
1)Aluminium.2)Polythene.3)Polystyrene.
61 of 206
Describe aluminium.
Tetra packaging,made from aluminium,card and polystyrene.Keeps flavours in and air out e.g. drink carton.
62 of 206
Describe polythene.
Paper can be coated with polythene to make it waterproof e.g. paper cups.
63 of 206
Describe polystyrene.
Foam core board made by laminating polystyrene between card.
64 of 206
What are good environmental things about composite materials?
Can be recycled.
65 of 206
What are environmental issues with composite materials?
Have to be separated before they are recycled.
66 of 206
What are smart materials?
React to changes in the environment, such as temperature, light.
67 of 206
What are 4 types of smart materials?
1)Thermochromic.2)Hydrochromic.3)Photochromic.4)Phosphorescent.
68 of 206
What are thermochromic pigments?
They react to changes in temperature(thermometers,food packaging).
69 of 206
What are photochromic pigments?
React to changes in light levels (Sunglasses).
70 of 206
What is phosphorescent?
Reacts to light (glow in the dark).
71 of 206
What is hydrochromic?
Reacts to water (colour changing umbrella).
72 of 206
What are 7 modern materials?
1)Cornstarch.2)Potatopak.3)Paper foam.4)Precious metal clay.5)Polymorph.6)Holographic paper.7)Lenticular sheet.
73 of 206
What is cornstarch?
Made from maize, can be made in clear,flexible form for sandwich packaging.
74 of 206
What is potatopak?
Made from potato starch, baked inside moulds.Fairly rigid,makes food packaging.
75 of 206
What is paper foam?
Potato starch and paper fibres.Can make phone,DVD and CD packaging.
76 of 206
What is precious metal clay?
Contains particles of metal (often silver) in a binding material.Used to make jewellery.Clay easy to roll out and work with,clay heated and metal fuses together to make solid metal object.Can then be polished.
77 of 206
What is polymorph?
A modelling material that can be bought in pellets.When in warm water-goes soft and malleable, can be moulded into shape and sets when cooled.
78 of 206
What are four special techniques used?
1)Varnishing.2)Laminating.3)Embossing.4)Foil application.
79 of 206
Describe varnishing.
Protection and enhancement.Low cost.Easy process.Solvent evaporates to leave transparent layer.
80 of 206
Describe laminating.
Protection and enhancement.Expensive.Plastic film applied on both sides.
81 of 206
Describe embossing.
Visual effect.Expensive.Requires special press tools.Shape pressed using steel.
82 of 206
Describe foil application.
Enhancement on work.Expensive.Design stamped on a material through metal foil.
83 of 206
What are moulds?
A hollow container used to give shape to hot liquid material when it cools and hardens.Can be made from MDF.
84 of 206
What are jigs?
A manufactured piece that ensures parts are identically made.
85 of 206
What are templates?
Something you can draw around to to mark a shape so it can be cut or shaped.E.g. clothes.
86 of 206
What are formers?
Used to make sure parts are exactly the same.
87 of 206
What is a french curve?
Helps you to draw curves.
88 of 206
What are scissors?
Used to cut paper or card.
89 of 206
What is a craft knife?
Used to cut paper and card.
90 of 206
What is a T square?
For drawing 90 degree lines.
91 of 206
What is a set square?
For drawing lines at 45 or 30 degrees.
92 of 206
What is a compass?
Used to draw a perfect circle.
93 of 206
What is a compass cutter?
Cut a circle out of paper and card.
94 of 206
What is a coping saw?
Used to cut MDF or plywood.
95 of 206
What is a rotary cutter?
Cuts curves in paper or card.
96 of 206
What is a guillotine?
Cuts large sheets of paper-multiple at a time.
97 of 206
What is a hot wire cutter?
Cuts Styrofoam.
98 of 206
What is a safety mat?
Used when cutting with a craft knife.
99 of 206
What is a metal ruler used for?
To cut paper and card.
100 of 206
What is a ***** heater?
Used to heat a line in plastic for bending.
101 of 206
What is a protractor?
Measures angles.
102 of 206
What is a creasing tool?
Used to create folds accurately.
103 of 206
What do thick and thin lines show on drawings?
Thick=adjoining surfaces.Thin=Used when only one side can be seen.
104 of 206
Describe how to draw by crating.
1)Draw box.2)gradually add bits.3)Draw object in box.4)Details can be added by adding more geometric shapes.
105 of 206
How can wood be drawn?
Using coloured pencils to represent grain.
106 of 206
How can tone be shown?
By using shadows,patters of lines or dots.
107 of 206
How are shades of grey used in drawing?
Used to show reflection and represent a metal effect.
108 of 206
What is isometric projection?
A design of a 3D shape on a 2D surface-uses vertical lines and lines drawn at a 30 degree horizontal.
109 of 206
Why do we draw in isometric?
So designs can be seen from different angles-good for showing measurements.
110 of 206
Describe how to draw one point perspective.
1)Draw vanishing point.2)Draw front of shape.3)Draw construction lines.
111 of 206
Describe how to draw two point perspective.
1)Draw front,vertical edge.2)Draw construction lines to meet vanishing points.
112 of 206
Describe how to draw orthographic.
1)Draw front view.2)Add construction lines to draw plan(top) view.3)Add construction lines to the right draw end(side) view.
113 of 206
Describe how to draw an exploded view.
Shows how product fits together.1)Draw product with separate parts moved out like they've exploded.2)Dotted lines to show where exploded parts came from.
114 of 206
Describe scale enlargement.
1:2=Drawing is half size.1:4=drawing is quarter size.2:1 means drawing is double the size.1:1=drawing is full sized.
115 of 206
Describe cross sectional drawings.
Shows what the product would look like if you cut it in two.1)front view shows where cut had been made.2)Hatched lines show where product has been cut.
116 of 206
What are the primary colours?
Red,blue,yellow.
117 of 206
What are secondary colours?
Orange,green,purple.
118 of 206
What are the meanings of dark blue?
Authority,confidence,loyalty,success,security.
119 of 206
What are the meanings of light blue?
Health,cleanliness,calm,trusting.
120 of 206
What are the meanings of green?
Nature,healthy,money,environment,jealousy.
121 of 206
What are the meanings of yellow?
Happiness,warmth,caution,joy,playfulness,hunger.
122 of 206
What are the meanings of purple?
Luxury,expense,royal,mysterious,sophisticated.
123 of 206
What are the meanings of pink?
Feminine,floral,romantic,innocent,delicate.
124 of 206
What are the meanings of red?
Action,leadership,danger,drive,passion,strength.
125 of 206
What are the meanings of orange?
Playful,affordable,creative,fun,youthful,energetic.
126 of 206
What are the meanings of brown?
Neutral,calm,depth,earth,serious,natural.
127 of 206
What are the meanings of grey?
Authority,corporate,practical,respectful,stable,neutral.
128 of 206
What are the meanings of white?
Peace,purity,cleanliness,simplicity,truthful,innocence.
129 of 206
What are the meanings of black?
Bold,classic,sophisticated,authority,powerful,serious.
130 of 206
What is digital printing?
Done using inkjet and laser printers.No costs after set up(except ink cartridges).
131 of 206
What is digital printing used for?
To print posters,flyers,digital photos.Prints small amounts (1-100).
132 of 206
What is colour separation?
Anything made up of the four printing colours.When you send document to print,printer recognises 4 colours to make required image.
133 of 206
What are the four printing colours?
Yellow,magenta,cyan,black.(CYMK).
134 of 206
What are printing marks?
Check quality of print out.
135 of 206
What are registration marks?
Check position of plates are correct.(looks like circle with + through).
136 of 206
What are colour bars?
Show density that CYMK will print.
137 of 206
What are crop marks?
Show where you should cut sheet once it's printed.
138 of 206
What are the 4 types of printing?
1)Lithography.2)Flexography.3)Screen printing.4)Gravure.
139 of 206
What is lithography?
1)Uses oil based inks and water,works on principle that oil and water don't mix.2)UV light used to transfer image onto smooth aluminium plate.3)Image area coated with chemical that attracts oily ink but repels water.
140 of 206
What is lithography used for?
1000+ copies,such as books,magazines,newspapers,packaging in high quality.
141 of 206
What is flexography?
1)Uses image on flexible printing plates made of rubber.2)Image sticks out from plate.3)Can be used to print on many different materials that aren't completely flat e.g. cellophane,cardboard or plastic bottles.
142 of 206
What is flexography used for?
Large amounts (over 5000) such as carrier bags,wallpaper and packaging.
143 of 206
What is screen printing?
1)Screen made from mesh fixed to wooden frame.2)Stencil placed under screen and ink spread through stencil onto material below.3)Best for blocks of colour.
144 of 206
What is screen printing used for?
Print small amounts (under 100) of posters,t-shirts and shop signage.Low costs.
145 of 206
What is gravure?
1)Uses etched brass printing plate.2)Image made of small holes in surface of printing plate.3)Holes filled with ink and excess removed.4)Paper comes into contact with ink in holes when pressed against plate.
146 of 206
What is gravure used for?
Expensive to set up-very fast.1 million+. Stamps,catalogues and magazines.
147 of 206
What is bold text used for?
Make words stand out.
148 of 206
What is serif text used for?
On traditional pieces of text.
149 of 206
What is display text used for?
Displayed items like posters or signs.
150 of 206
What is italic text used for?
Stress important words or quotes.
151 of 206
What is sans serif text used for?
More modern text.
152 of 206
What is script used for?
Fancy designs to make them look expensive.
153 of 206
What is one off production?
Made for particular purpose or to be unique,e.g. large sculptures or small hand made products.
154 of 206
What is batch production?
1)For products that may not be in demand all the time e.g.souvenir tea towel.2)Also used for products where design is important,e.g. high end sports cars to keep them exclusive.
155 of 206
What is mass production?
E.g. washing machine.It's a functional product with an element to make it stand out and attract buyer.Competition from different manufactures,hundreds of thousands made.
156 of 206
What is continuous production?
E.g. tablet containers.Made as blanks for many manufacturers add to own designs or labels at later stage,Purely functional and produced in millions.
157 of 206
What is JIT?
Just In Time.Company will order enough materials for their exact needs,nothing stored or taking up space.Money saved in transport and storage.
158 of 206
What is quality assurance?
Plans for any project must include what everyone should be doing to ensure the product is fit for purpose and is high quality.
159 of 206
What is quality control?
1)Measures in QA plan, they are the tests and checks carried out during production.2)All checks recorded every step so QA manager has all data.3)Very accurate measuring equipment e.g. digital micrometers used in industry.
160 of 206
What is tolerance?
An acceptable range of accuracy.QA manager agrees tolerance with clients.Can range between 0.001mm(Car engines),0.05mm.
161 of 206
What is a net?
A 2D plan for a 3D object. Also called surface developments.
162 of 206
What do solid and dotted lines mean when drawing nets?
Solid=show edges to cut.Dotted=show edges to fold.
163 of 206
What are benefits of nets?
1)Great modelling ideas.2)Produce 3D model quickly.3)Cheap to manufacture.
164 of 206
What is CAD?
Computer aided design-designing of products on a computer.
165 of 206
What is CAM?
Computer aided manufacture.Manufacture of products using machinery and computers.
166 of 206
What is CAM-2D design?
Nets in industry made using 2D design good as it can easily be amended until it's correct.
167 of 206
What is CAM-die cutter?
1)Once net is designed,pressed out using dye cutter.2)Using CAM is good as it's more accurate and quicker than by hand.
168 of 206
What are advantages of CAD and CAM?
1)Results consistent.2)High accuracy.3)Quicker production.4)Don't need lot of staff.
169 of 206
What are disadvantages of CAD and CAM?
1)Software expensive-initial costs high.2)Staff need to be trained.3)Not everyone has computer.
170 of 206
What are the functions of packaging?
1)To preserve product e.g. food packaging sealed to stop food expiring.2)Protect product from damage using durable materials.3)Make more attractive to consumer so they'll purchase it.4)Easier to transport product e.g. stacking.
171 of 206
How are products protected during transportation?
Cardboard or polystyrene used as it's strong enough to protect from knocks.
172 of 206
Describe packaging and storage.
Products stored in warehouses and shelves, must be strong enough to hold weight when stacked.Must be well designed to fit neatly together.
173 of 206
Describe packaging and security.
Electrical equipment may contain anti-theft devices and tamper seals.
174 of 206
Describe packaging and product information.
Sell by dates,ingredients,allergies,symbols etc.
175 of 206
Describe icons.
Appear on computer screens as shortcuts to software,files or program tools.Icons usually small and easily recognisable.
176 of 206
What do signs in circles usually mean?
Mandatory-must follow.
177 of 206
What do signs in triangles mean?
Caution sign.
178 of 206
What do blue signs mean?
Informatory.
179 of 206
What are pictograms?
Used on signs instead of text as they can be understood in any language and are quick to read.Simple and easily recognisable.
180 of 206
What does TM do?
Protect the design of a logo/brand/company name.Expensive to register-designs have to be 2D.
181 of 206
What is copyright?
It protects written,theatrical,musical and artistic work as well as film,book layouts,sound recordings and broadcasts.Automatic right-don't need to apply for it.
182 of 206
What are patents?
Protect methods and processes that make things work.Have to apply and can be expensive.
183 of 206
What is sustainability?
A design that does not cause permanent damage to the environment and does not use up finite resources.
184 of 206
What are renewable materials?
Grown from plants or animals.
185 of 206
What are non-renewable materials?
Taken from oil and minerals and can't be replaced.
186 of 206
What are hazards and control measures for craft knives?
Hazards-cuts caused by careless use.Control-hold work correctly,use safety ruler,use cutting mat.
187 of 206
What are hazards and control measures for paper drills?
Hazards-Cuts caused by careless use,puncture wounds by broken drill bits.Control-Cutting mat,check drill bits aren't damaged,clean drill bits.
188 of 206
What are hazards and control measures for scissors?
Hazards-cuts caused by careless use.Control-hold work,carry with blade enclosed.
189 of 206
What are hazards and control measures for a sanding disk?
Hazards-flying debris,dust,hands in contact with abrasive surface.Control-Safety goggles,apron,dust extraction,hold work firmly,hold work flat,don't sand shot pieces of material.
190 of 206
What are hazards and control measures for a fretsaw?
Hazard-flying debris,hands in contact with blade,dust.Control-Safety goggles,apron,extraction,hold work flat.
191 of 206
What are the 6 R's?
1)Reduce.2)Reuse.3)Recycle.4)Repair.5)Rethink.6)Refuse.
192 of 206
What can we reduce?
The amount of energy and materials used to manufacture products.
193 of 206
What can we reuse?
The product for something else so you don't need to throw it away.
194 of 206
What can we recycle?
Take the product apart and categorise the parts to be converted into another product.
195 of 206
What can we repair?
Repair the product so you don't meed to throw it away.
196 of 206
What can we rethink?
Our lifestyle and the way we design and make.
197 of 206
What can we refuse?
To buy materials and products that are unsustainable.
198 of 206
What is corporate identity?
Image the company wants the consumer to have of the company.
199 of 206
What is branding?
Memorable graphics good way to make consumers recognise products.Strong branding mean consumers recognise company from its logo without words.
200 of 206
What is moral responsibility?
Companies want customers to view company as morally responsible, so should consider materials that don't harm environment,
201 of 206
What is social responsibility?
Designers need to be sensitive to views of different people in society to make sure people aren't offended.
202 of 206
Describe ***** heaters and their uses.
1)Used to bend thermoplastics.2)Bent using ***** heater that will heat plastic in straight line so it can be bent by hand.E.g. signs.
203 of 206
Describe injection moulding and its uses.
1)Metal mould used and softenedor molten plastic is forced into mould2)Mould made in two parts to allow moulding to be removed.E.g.toys,trays,chairs.
204 of 206
Describe blow moulding and its uses.
1)Parison inserted into mould.2)Base of parison squeezed by mould.3)Air blown into parison,parison expands to fill mould.E.g.plastic bottles,buckets,
205 of 206
Describe vacuum forming and give examples.
1)Plastic placed over mould.2)Plastic heated.3)Air in mould removed by vacuum.e.g.food packaging,trays,bathtubs.
206 of 206

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Explain introduction.

Back

Gap in market-new product launched.Expensive at first as designer needs to be paid and need money for advertising.

Card 3

Front

Explain growth.

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Explain maturity.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Explain decline.

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Design & Technology: Graphics resources:

See all Design & Technology: Graphics resources »See all Section B resources »