Glycolysis,Krebs and Oxiative Phosphorylation

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  • Created by: Sarah
  • Created on: 05-05-17 12:59
what does aconitase convert?
citrate to isocitrate
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what is -malate converted to and by what?
oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase
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where is Co2 and NADH together released in the krebs cycle?
isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
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where is GTP released in krebs because of substrate level phosphorylation?
succinyl coA -> succinate by succinate thiokinase
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where is FADH2 released in krebs why?
succinate to fumarate by succinate dehydrogenase as dehydrogenation
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where is only NADH released in the krebs cycle?
L-malate to oxaloacetate
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what is the final products of the krebs cycle?
4co2 + 6NADH + 2GTP + 2FADH2
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when is the PDH complex inactive?
when phosphate is bound to it
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what stiulates PDH to become active?
calcium and magnesium ion
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what increases the PDH becoming inactive?
high level of products so NADH, Acetyl-coA and ATP
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what is the net reaction of PDH complex?
pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ --> Co2 + acetyl coA + NADH + H+
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what is pdh kinase negatively stopped by?
lots of substrate so pyruvate, coASH, NAD+, ADP and calcium
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what is the 3 points of regulation in the krebs cycle?
citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase
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what supplies the krebs cycle directly in other than actyl-coa?
amino acids
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what can be converted to acetyl-coa to enter the krebs cycle?
fatty acids, amino acids and glucose
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krebs cycle plays a key role in the degradation of what?
fatty acids and amno acids
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how many enzymes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids?
4
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what is the end result of fatty acid breakdown
2 carbon molecules
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what is special about amino acids and the krebs cycle?
amino acids can directly or indirectly enter the krebs cycle at different points
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what does the poison sodium fluoracetate inhibit?
aconitase
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sodium fluoractetae posoining results in an accumulation of what?
citric acid
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what poison is a rat poison absorbed acorss the GI tract?
sodium fluroacetate
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what effects does sodium fluroacetate have?
respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea, vommiting, diarrhea, cardiac dysthrmias
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is there an antidote to sodium fluoroacetate?
no
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what is beriberi a deficiency in?
vitamin B1
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what does beriberi give high concentrations in the blood of?
alpha ketoglutarate and pyruvate
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why do we need vitamine B1?
for alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and thiamine pyrophosphate (part of PDH)
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what is another name for vitamin B1?
thiamine
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what are the symptoms of beriberi?
low cardiac output, neurologic symptoms, damage to PNS, limbs and muscle weakness, enlargement of hear decreased CO
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what does regulation of the krebs cycle depend on?
the concentrations of end products (inhibit-ATP NADH) and substrates (ADP + NAD+)
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what are the 3 proteins found in he PDH complex?
20-30 pyruvate dehydrogenase, 60 dihydrolipoyl transacetlyase, 6 dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
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what are the cofactor part of the PDH complex?
NAD+, FAD+ CoA, thiamine pyrophosphate, lipioc acid
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what is the first reaction oxaloacetate -> citrate by citrate synethase?
condensing reaction
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what reaction is a dehydration followed by hydration, 2 processes with one enzyme in krebs?
aconitase, citrate to isocitrate
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what reaction in the krebs cycle is a hydration reaction?
fumarate to malate by fumarase
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what enzyme adds a phosphate to PDH?
PDH kinase
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what enzyme removes a phosphate from PDH?
PDH phosphatase
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how many reactions are there in glycolysis?
10 reactions
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what happens in glycolysis?
glucose is converted to pyruvate
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what forms in glycolysis?
2atp, 2nadh AND 2 Pyruvate
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what are the 2 phases of glycolysis?
preparation and payoff phase
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what is the payoff phase?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -> yruvate
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how many isoforms of hexokinase are there?
4
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what is type 4 hexokinase?
glucokinase
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what is the difference between hexokinase and glucokinase?
hexokinase works at max rate at low levels of glucose, glucokinase max rate needs a higher concentration of glucose
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what does glucose binding to hexokinase 2 do?
molecule changes shape and goes to closed configuration
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what is happening when no glucose is bound to hexokinase 2?
no glucose is bound
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order of glycolysis?
glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate -> fructose-6 phosphate-> fructose-1,6 bisphosphate -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate -> 1,3 bisphosphglycerate -> 3 [hosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate-> phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate
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where is energy supplied from to transform glucose -> glucose-6 phosphate?
ATP in the form MgATP
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what does changing into glucose-6 phosphate do?
traps glucose intracellularly as it becomes charged
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name the enzymes for the reactions that are NOT revesible?
phosphofructose kinase-1, aldolase, pyruvate kinase
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what does aldolase convert?
fructose 1 6 bisphosphate -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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what does phosphofrcutose kinas-1 convert?
fructose-5 phosphate to frcutose 1,6 bisphosphate
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what is a major regulated step and a rate limiting step in glycolysis?
fructose, 6 phosphate -> fructose 1,6 biphosphate
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what direction does the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase prefer, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate or dihydroxyacetone phosphate?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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what turns glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate into 1,3 biphosphoglycerate?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
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what is the source of phosphate from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate?
inorganic
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what does glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate also catalyze?
same reaction backwards in gluconeogenesis
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where is the first release of energy in glycolysis?
1,3 biphosphoglycerate -> 3 phosphoglycerate
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what reaction does arsenic posoining intefer with?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate -> 1,3 bisphoglycerate
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what happens in arsenic poisoining?
phosphate on glyceraldehyde 3 phsophate dehydrogenase is substituted with arsenate molecule
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what product do you get from arsenic poisoining?
1-arseno, 3-phospholgycerate hydrolysis as unstable to 3-phosphoglycerate
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why is the net production from glycolysis 0 in arsenic poisoing?
reaction 7 is skipped (1,3 bisphosphoglycerate -> 3 phosphoglycerate)
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what does enolase catalyse?
2-phosphoglycerate -> phsophoenolpyruvate
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what doesphosphoglycaro mutrase catalyse?
3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
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what are the regulation points in glycolysis?
hexokinase, phosphofructose-kinase-1 pyruvate kinase(reg is all the kinases)
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what is hexokinase regulated by?
end product of glucose-6-phoshate
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where does glucose-6-phosphate usually come from?
breakdown of lycogen
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what is phosphofructose-kinase-1 inhibited by?
ATP
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what can reverse this inhibition on phosphofrucotse-kinase 1?
AMP
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what is pyruvate kinase inhibited by?
ATP and acetyl CoA
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what is pyruvate kinase stimulated by?
fructose,1 6 bisphosphate
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was it tarui disease a defect in?
phosphofructose kinase in the muscle, cant convert fructose-6-phosphate to fructose 1,6 bisphophate
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what does tauri disease result as?
a build up of glycogen in the muscle, symptoms: muscle stress pain weakness cramp, body breaks down muscle to obtain energy = myoglobinuria
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what happens to RBCs in the pyruvate kinase deficiency?
they show a short half life and lyse readily, linked to anaemia
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what is the most important regulatory point in glycolysis?
phosphofructose kinase 1
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whate enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?
pyruvate dehydrogenase
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what enzyme converts 1,3 biphosphopglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate
phosphoglycerate kinase
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what molecule does arsenate subsitute for phosphate on?
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
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what enzyme converts 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate?
phosphoglycaromutase
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what reaction uses enolase?
2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
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what is a regulator of phosphofrcutose kinase 1?
fructose 2,6 bisphosphate
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where are electrons transferred to and from in oxidative phosphorylation?
from FADH2 and NADH to O2 to produce water
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how many membrane protein complexes are there in oxdative phosphorylation?
4
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what drives ATp synthase to produce ATP?
a proton gradient across the inner mito membrane
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what electron carriers are used in oxidative phosphorylatin?
NAD and FAD, ubiquinone (coenxyme Q), cytochromes, iron-sulphur proteins
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how many ctochromes are involved in cytochrome c?
3
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what are the different types of cytochromes
a+b= membrane bond, c= soluble
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how many electrons can ubiquinone accept?
1 or 2
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whats the feature of ubiqunone?
its fat soluble
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what are cytochromes?
proteins containing iron heme
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what is he basic formation of iron-sulphur proteins?
Fe coordinates with 4 cysteine residues from a protein
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what can iron be complexed to in iron-sulphur protiens?
inorganic sulphur of cysteine residues
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what is the molecular weight of ATP synthase?
500,000
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what is complex 3?
cytochrome c oxioreductase/cycohrome bc1
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what subunit of the F1 part in ATP synthase has the ADP binding site?
beta subiunit
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what is complex 4?
cytochrome oxidase
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what does cytochrome oxidase convert?
cytochrome c to oxygen
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what is formed at compelx 4?
water as electrons from cytochrome c passed to oxygen forms water
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how many protons does cytochrome oxidase pump into the IM space?
4
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how many protons are consumed by cytochrome oxidase which amplifies the proton gradient
4
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why is the process in cytochrome c oxirediuctase complex?
cytochrome c can only accept 1 electron
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how can cytochrome c only accepting 1 electron be overcome?
ubiqunone cycle, a shuttling process
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what does cytochrome c oxireductase convert?
ubiquonone to cytochrome c
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what is complex 1?
NADH dehydrogenase or ubiquinone oxidoreductase
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how many polpypeptide chains does ubiquonone oxidoreductase/NADH dehydrogenase have
42 polypeptide chains
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what does NADH dehydrogenase consist of?
Flavin mononucleotide, 6 iron sulphur centres and 42 polpeptide chains
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what happens in NADH dehydrogenase?
NADH gives 2es to flavin mononucleotide which transfers electrons to iron sulphur centre to ubiquinol to form ubiquinol
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What happens to ubiquinol after complex I?
it diffuses to complex III(cytochrome c oxireductase)
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how many protons are pumped into the IM space by NADH dehydrogenase?
4
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succinate dehydrogenase compelx (complex 2) converts what?
succinate to ubuiqunone
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what happens at succinate dehydrogenase complex?
electrons removed from succinate transferred to FAD to ubiquinone forming ubuiquinol
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at what complex does FADH2 formed from food oxidation enter the process?
at succinate dehydrogenase complex
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what is complex 4? what does it convert?
cytochrome c oxidase, converts cytochrome c to oxygen
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what is the F0 bit of ATP synthase?
membrane embedded portion, pore for hydrogen ions
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what is the F0 subunit of ATP synthase made up of? what ratios?
a, b and c subunits in the ratio 1:2:12
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hat is the F1 subunit of ATP synthase?
ATPase subunit enzyme bit that moves, Beta where adp binds
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what is the F1 ATPase subunit made from?
5 subinits in a ratio of 3 alpha: 3 beta: 1 gamma: 1 delta: 1 e
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3 figurations of the beta subunit of ATPase?
B-empty, -ADP, B-ATP
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what is the tight configuration of the beta subunit?
B-ATP
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what is the loose configuration?
B-ADP, adp and pi bound
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what process is ATP generated by?
a rotation process
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how is ATP generated?
protons pass through F0, they cause Y subunit to rotate by 1/3 turn inside F1 unit, each 1/3 turn causes a conformaional change in B subunit
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how many ATP molecules are usually formed by oxidative phosphorylation?
34
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how many ATP are generated by glycolysis?
2
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products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
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products of pyruvate dehydrogenase?
2 acetyl co + 2 co2 +2 nadh
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what are inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation?
electron transport inhibitors, uncoupling agens, inhibiting ATP synthase
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levels of what are important of reg of oxidative phosphorylation
ADP/ATP
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What happens to the transfer of electrons at rest in oxidative phosphorylation?
rest: proton motive force is high, but high ATP means minimal flow of protons thro synthase and LOW transfer of electrons
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what happens during exercise?
ATP consumed, ADP levels rise, proton movem movemtn through synthase discharges the proton motive force, INCREASED electron transfer to regenerate PMF
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what is leigh syndrome?
fatal neurodegenrative disorder early onset
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what causes leigh sydrome?
bilateral lesions in the brainstem, basal ganglia, thalamus and spinal cord
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what are the symptoms of leigh syndrome?
psychomotor retardation, brainstem or basal ganglia dysfunction
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what is ubiquinone also known as?
coenzyme Q
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what elecron carriers are fat soluble?
ubiqunone and cytochrome c
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how many Fe and inorganic sulfur molecules do iron sulphur proteunbs have?
in a central coplex4 Fe and 4 inorganic S molecules form central complex loop around outside is pro, interacts with cysteine residues in protein
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how many NADH and FADH from OP?
10NADH and 2FADH2
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exercise increases what
electron transfer to regenerate PMF after its discharged
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at rest what is reduced?
transfer of electrons too much ATP around so minimal flow of hydrogens
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is -malate converted to and by what?

Back

oxaloacetate by malate dehydrogenase

Card 3

Front

where is Co2 and NADH together released in the krebs cycle?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

where is GTP released in krebs because of substrate level phosphorylation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

where is FADH2 released in krebs why?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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